Yeruham, I., Elad, D., Van-Ham, M., Shpigel, N. Y. & Perl, S. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in Israeli cattle: clinical and epidemiological studies. Vet. Rec. 140, 423–427. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.140.16.423 (1997).
Connor, K. M., Fontaine, M. C., Rudge, K., Baird, G. J. & Donachie, W. Molecular genotyping of multinational ovine and caprine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Vet. Res. 38, 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007013 (2007).
Boysen, C., Davis, E. G., Beard, L. A., Lubbers, B. V. & Raghavan, R. K. Bayesian Geostatistical analysis and ecoclimatic determinants of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection among horses. PLoS One. 10, e0140666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140666 (2015).
Mathewos, M. & Fesseha, H. Cytopathological and bacteriological studies on caseous lymphadenitis in cattle slaughtered at Bishoftu municipal abattoir, Ethiopia. Vet. Med. Sci. 8, 1211–1218. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.744 (2022).
Radwan, A. I., El-Magawry, S., Hawari, A., Al-Bekairi, S. I. & Rebleza, R. M. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 21, 229–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02261094 (1989).
Tejedor, M. T., Martin, J. L., Corbera, J. A., Shulz, U. & Gutierrez, C. Pseudotuberculosis in dromedary camels in the Canary Islands. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 36, 459–462. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TROP.0000035012.63821.12 (2004).
Terab, A. M. A. et al. Pathology, bacteriology, and molecular studies on caseous lymphadenitis in Camelus dromedarius in the emirate of Abu dhabi, UAE, 2015–2020. PLoS One. 16, e0252893. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252893 (2021).
Anderson, D. E., Rings, D. M. & Kowalski, J. Infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in five alpacas. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 225, 1743–1747. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1743 (2004).
Sprake, P. & Gold, J. R. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis liver abscess in a mature alpaca (Lama pacos). Can. Vet. J. 53, 387–390 (2012).
Sting, R. et al. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Animals 12, 1612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131612
Stauber, E., Armstrong, P., Chamberlain, K. & Gorgen, B. Caseous lymphadenitis in a white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Dis. 9, 56–57. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-9.1.56 (1973).
Morales, N. et al. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus). J. Wildl. Dis. 53, 621. https://doi.org/10.7589/2016-09-213 (2017).
Varela-Castro, L. et al. Endemic caseous lymphadenitis in a wild Caprinae population. Vet. Rec. 180, 405. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103925 (2017).
Di Donato, A. et al. First report of caseous lymphadenitis by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and pulmonary verminosis in a roe deer (Capreolus capreolus linnaeus, 1758) in Italy. Animals 14, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040566 (2024).
Bastos, L. B. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: immunological responses in animal models and zoonotic potential. J. Clin. Cell. Immunol. S4, 005. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.S4-005 (2012).
Smith, M. C. & Sherman, D. M. Goat Medicine 3rd edn (Wiley Blackwell, 2023).
Ashfaq, M. K. & Campbell, S. G. Experimentally induced caseous lymphadenitis in goats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41, 1789–1792 (1980).
Williamson, L. H. Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 17, 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30033-5 (2001).
Baird, G. J. & Fontaine, M. C. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and its role in ovine caseous lymphadenitis. J. Comp. Pathol. 137, 179–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.07.002 (2007).
Kaba, J. et al. Herd-level true Seroprevalence of caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in the goat population of Poland. Prev. Vet. Med. 230, 106278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106278 (2024).
Kaba, J. et al. Evaluation of the risk factors influencing the spread of caseous lymphadenitis in goat herds. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 14 https://doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0035-6 (2011).
Dorella, F. A., Pacheco, L. G. C., Oliveira, S. C., Miyoshi, A. & Azevedo, V. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: microbiology, biochemical properties, pathogenesis and molecular virulence studies. Vet. Res. 37, 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2005056 (2006).
Almeida, S. et al. Quadruplex PCR assay for identification of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis differentiating biovar Ovis and equi. BMC Vet. Res. 13, 290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1210-5 (2017).
Kaba, J. Development of an ELISA for the diagnosis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in goats. Vet. Microbiol. 78, 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00284-4 (2001).
Dorella, F. A. et al. Antigens of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and prospects for vaccine development. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 8, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.8.2.205 (2009).
Galvão, C. E. et al. Identification of new Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antigens by immunoscreening of gene expression library. BMC Microbiol. 17, 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-1110-7 (2017).
Silva, M. T. D. O. et al. The combination of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Recombinant proteins rPLD, rCP01850, and rCP09720 for improved detection of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep by ELISA. J. Med. Microbiol. 68, 1759–1765. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001096 (2019).
Pépin, M., Boisramé, A. & Marly, J. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: biochemical properties, production of toxin and virulence of ovine and caprine strains. Ann. Rech Vet. 20, 111–115 (1989).
De Pinho, B. R. et al. A novel approach for an immunogen against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection: an Escherichia coli bacterin expressing phospholipase D. Microb. Pathog. 151, 104746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104746 (2021).
Barral, T. D. et al. A panel of Recombinant proteins for the serodiagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep. Microb. Biotechnol. 12, 1313–1323. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13454 (2019).
Sting, R. et al. Clinical and serological investigations on caseous lymphadenitis in goat breeding herds in Baden-Wuerttemberg. Berl Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 130, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.2376/0005-9366-16024 (2017).
Costa, L. et al. Utility assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of subclinical cases of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminant flocks. Vet. Med. Sci. 6, 796–803. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.297 (2020).
Silva, J. W. et al. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cp09 mutant and cp40 Recombinant protein partially protect mice against caseous lymphadenitis. BMC Vet. Res. 10, 965. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0304-6 (2014).
Shadnezhad, A., Naegeli, A. & Collin, M. CP40 from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. BMC Microbiol. 16, 261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0884-3 (2016).
Trost, E. et al. The complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis FRC41 isolated from a 12-year-old Girl with necrotizing lymphadenitis reveals insights into gene-regulatory networks contributing to virulence. BMC Genom. 11, 728. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-728 (2010).
Santana-Jorge, K. T. O. et al. Putative virulence factors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis FRC41: vaccine potential and protein expression. Microb. Cell. Fact. 15, 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-016-0479-6 (2016).
Walburger, A. et al. Protein kinase G from pathogenic Mycobacteria promotes survival within macrophages. Science 304, 1800–1804. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099384 (2004).
Warner, D. F. & Mizrahi, V. The survival kit of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat. Med. 13, 282–284. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0307-282 (2007).
Farias, A. P. F. D. et al. rSodC is a potential antigen to diagnose Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunoassay. AMB Expr. 10, 186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-020-01125-0 (2020).
Atkinson, J. et al. Guidelines for saliva nomenclature and collection. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 694, XI–XII (1993).
Chiappin, S., Antonelli, G., Gatti, R. & De Palo, E. F. Saliva specimen: A new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin. Chim. Acta. 383, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.011 (2007).
Mestecky, J. Saliva as a manifestation of the common mucosal immune system. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 694, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18352.x (1993).
Henao-Diaz, A., Giménez-Lirola, L. & Baum, D. H. Guidelines for oral fluid-based surveillance of viral pathogens in swine. Porc Health Manag. 6, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-020-00168-w (2020).
Page, L. J., Lagunas-Acosta, J., Castellana, E. T. & Messmer, B. T. Accurate prediction of serum antibody levels from noninvasive saliva/nasal samples. Biotechniques 74, 131–136. https://doi.org/10.2144/btn-2022-0106 (2023).
Mur, L. et al. Potential use of oral fluid samples for serological diagnosis of African swine fever. Vet. Microbiol. 165, 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.034 (2013).
Giménez-Lirola, L. G. et al. Detection of African swine fever virus antibodies in serum and oral fluid specimens using a Recombinant protein 30 (p30) dual matrix indirect ELISA. PLoS One. 11, e0161230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161230 (2016).
Panyasing, Y., Thanawongnuwech, R., Ji, J., Giménez-Lirola, L. & Zimmerman, J. Detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 and Erns antibody (IgG, IgA) in oral fluid specimens from inoculated (ALD strain) or vaccinated (LOM strain) pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 224, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.024 (2018).
Kittawornrat, A. et al. Kinetics of the Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) humoral immune response in swine serum and oral fluids collected from individual boars. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-61 (2013).
Rotolo, M. L. et al. Detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific IgM-IgA in oral fluid samples reveals PRRSV infection in the presence of maternal antibody. Vet. Microbiol. 214, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.011 (2018).
Henao-Diaz, A., Giménez-Lirola, L., Magtoto, R., Ji, J. & Zimmerman, J. Evaluation of three commercial Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) oral fluid antibody ELISAs using samples of known status. Res. Vet. Sci. 125, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.019 (2019).
Prickett, J. R. et al. Prolonged detection of PCV2 and anti-PCV2 antibody in oral fluids following experimental inoculation: prolonged detection of PCV2 infection by oral fluid. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 58, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01189.x (2011).
Campero, L. M. et al. Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in oral fluid from pigs. Int. J. Parasitol. 50, 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.002 (2020).
Kauter, J. et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in pigs using an oral fluid-based commercial ELISA: advantages and limitations. Int. J. Parasitol. 53, 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.003 (2023).
Archetti, I. L., Amadori, M., Donn, A., Salt, J. & Lodetti, E. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle by assessment of antibody response in oropharyngeal fluids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.33.1.79-84.1995 (1995).
Lazutka, J., Spakova, A., Sereika, V., Lelesius, R. & Sasnauskas, K. Petraityte-Burneikiene, R. Saliva as an alternative specimen for detection of Schmallenberg virus-specific antibodies in bovines. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0552-0 (2015).
Ortega, J. et al. Evaluation of P22 ELISA for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis-specific antibody in the oral fluid of goats. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 674636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.674636 (2021).
Hodgson, A. L., Bird, P. & Nisbet, I. T. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of the phospholipase D gene from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 172, 1256–1261. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.3.1256-1261.1990 (1990).
Ellis, J. A., Hawk, D. A., Holler, L. D., Mills, K. W. & Pratt, D. L. Differential antibody responses to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep with naturally acquired caseous lymphadenitis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 196, 1609–1613 (1990).
ter Laak, E. A., Bosch, J., Bijl, G. C. & Schreuder, B. E. Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Immunoblot analysis used for control of caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53, 1125–1132 (1992).
Hunt, A. J. et al. The testing of saliva samples for HIV-1 antibodies: reliability in a non-clinic setting. Sex. Transm Infect. 69, 29–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.69.1.29 (1993).
Langenhorst, R. et al. Development of a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using oral fluid samples as an alternative to serum-based assays. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 19, 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05372-11 (2011).
Nokes, D. J. et al. Has oral fluid the potential to replace serum for the evaluation of population immunity levels? A study of measles, Rubella and hepatitis B in rural Ethiopia. Bull. World Health Organ. 79, 588–595 (2001).
Nagel-Alne, G. E., Valle, P. S., Krontveit, R. & Sølverød, L. S. Caprine arthritis encephalitis and caseous lymphadenitis in goats: use of bulk tank milk ELISAs for herd‐level surveillance. Vet. Rec. 176, 173–173. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102605 (2015).
Silva, M. T. D. O. et al. NanH and PknG putative virulence factors as a Recombinant subunit immunogen against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in mice. Vaccine 38, 8099–8106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.010 (2020).
Altman, D. G., Machin, D., Bryant, T. N. & Gardner, M. J. Statistics with Confidence 2nd edn (BMJ Books, 2000).
Zar, J. H. Biostatistical Analysis 5th edn (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010).
Gwet, K. L. Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement. Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 61, 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711006X126600 (2008).
Altman, D. G. Practical statistics for medical research (1st ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC. (1990). https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429258589