Casellas, J. M. Resistencia a los antibacterianos en América Latina: Consecuencias para la infectología. Rev Panam Salud Publica 30(6), dic 2011 (2011).
World Health Organization: WHO. Resistencia a los antimicrobianos. World Health Organization: WHO [Internet]. 2021 Nov 17. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
Montúfar-Andrade, F. E. et al. Experiencia clínica con infecciones causadas por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa, en una institución de enseñanza universitaria en Medellín, Colombia. Infectio 20(1), 17–24 (2016).
Krapp, F., Salvatierra, G., Hinostroza, N., Garcia, C., Astocondor, A. L. & Ochoa, T., et al. 151. Molecular diversity and resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in Peru. Open Forum Infect. Diseases. 9(Supplement_2) (2022).
van Loon, K., Voor in ‘t holt, A. F. & Vos, M. C. A systematic review and meta-analyses of the clinical epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 62 (1) (2018).
Bermúdez, A. M. C., Vivas, E. D. L. C., Rojas, R., Falco, A., Aranaga, C. A. & Alonso, G., et al. Estudios en resistencia a los antibióticos beta-lactámicos en bacterias Gram negativas [Internet]. Editorial Universidad Santiago de Cali (2021). https://books.scielo.org/id/t755k
Wyres, K. L., Lam, M. M. C. & Holt, K. E. Population genomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 18(6), 344–359 (2020).
Hullur, M. S., Natarajan, A. & Sreeramulu, P. N. Phenotypic characterization of virulence factors and antibiogram of klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from various clinical samples—a cross sectional study. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 16(3), 1783–1791 (2022).
Bush, K. Past and present perspectives on β-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 62(10), 10–1128 (2018).
Sawa, T., Kooguchi, K. & Moriyama, K. Molecular diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases, and antimicrobial resistance. J. Intensive Care 8(1), 13 (2020).
Lepe, J. A. & Martínez-Martínez, L. Mecanismos de resistencia en bacterias gramnegativas. Med. Intensiva 46(7), 392–402 (2022).
Liu, Y. et al. First description of NDM-1-, KPC-2-, VIM-2- and IMP-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a single Chinese teaching hospital. Epidemiol. Infect. 143(2), 376–384 (2014).
Khan, F. A., Hellmark, B., Ehricht, R., Söderquist, B. & Jass, J. Related carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella isolates detected in both a hospital and associated aquatic environment in Sweden. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 37(12), 2241–2251 (2018).
Besharati Zadeh, S., Shakib, P., Zolfaghari, M. R. & Farajzadeh Sheikh, A. Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) from clinical specimen in Khuzestan, Iran. Gene Cell Tissue. 8 (3) (2021).
Tzouvelekis, L. S., Tzelepi, E., Tassios, P. T. & Legakis, N. J. CTX-M-type β-lactamases: An emerging group of extended-spectrum enzymes. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 14(2), 137–142 (2000).
Sacsaquispe-Contreras, R. & Bailón-Calderón, H. Identificación de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos en enterobacterias de hospitales de Perú, 2013–2017. Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica 35(2), 259 (2018).
Cuicapuza, D., Alvarado, L., Tocasca, N., Aguilar, D., Gómez-de-la-Torre, J. C. & Salvatierra, G., et al. First report of oxa-181-producing enterobacterales isolates in latin America. Microbiol. Spectrum. 11 (3) (2023).
Quispe-Pari, F., Kong-Paravicino, C., Eguiluz, M., Hurtado-Alegre, J. & Acosta, J. Prevalencia de bacterias multidrogoresistentes en un hospital público ubicado en la sierra del Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. 84(2), 177–185 (2023).
Caparachin Gonzáles María Victoria, Mallqui Zamalloa JM. Identificación de genes: betalactamasas de espectro extendido (Tem y Shv) y carbapenemasas (Ndm Y Kpc), en cepas de klebsiella pneumoniae en un hospital de nivel IV de Lima Metropolitana, Perú [Internet] [Thesys]. Universidad Mayor de San Marcos; 2020. https://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/item/94e4e033-9c60-441b-a025-d506b8358f26
Rivera-Jacinto, M., Rodríguez-Ulloa, C., Flores Clavo, R., Serquén López, L. & Arce, G. Z. Betalactamasas de espectro extendido tipo TEM y CTX-M en Klebsiella spp y Escherichia coli aisladas de superficies de ambientes hospitalarios. Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica 32(4), 752 (2015).
Mayta-Barrios, M. M., Ramirez-Illescas, J. J., Pampa-Espinoza, L. & Yagui-Moscoso, M. J. A. Caracterización molecular de carbapenemasas en el Perú durante el 2019. Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica 38(1), 113–118 (2021).
Pons, M. J. et al. Spread of ST348 Klebsiella pneumoniae producing NDM-1 in a Peruvian Hospital. Microorganisms. 8(9), 1392 (2020).
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática -INEI. 2024; https://estadist.inei.gob.pe/map
QGIS.org. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association; https://qgis.org/download/.
World Health Organization. Global situation. Antimicrobial Resistance, Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (2024). https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON527
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 2024. Evaluación Rápida de Riesgo para la salud pública relacionada con Klebsiella pneumoniae hipervirulenta portadora de genes de carbapenemasas en la Región de las Américas – 20 marzo de 2024. https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/evaluacion-rapida-riesgo-para-salud-publica-relacionada-con-klebsiella-pneumoniae
Veloso, M. et al. Antimicrobial resistance, pathogenic potential, and genomic features of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in Chile: High-risk ST25 clones and novel mobile elements. Microbiol. Spectrum. 11(5), e00399-23 (2023).
Gonzales, E. et al. β-lactamasas de espectro extendido tipo CTX-M en aislamientos clínicos de Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño-Breña, Lima, Perú. Revista Médica Herediana. 30(4), 242–248 (2020).
Villegas, M. V., Jiménez, A., Esparza, G. & Appel, T. M. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: A diagnostic, epidemiological and therapeutic challenge. Infectio. 23(4), 388 (2019).
Lovera-Garcia, M. & Roque-Alcarraz, M. Detección de carbapenemasas NDM en klebsiella pneumoniae utilizando el método modificado de inactivación del carbapenémico. Cienc. e Invest. 24(1), 3–7 (2021).
Österblad, M., Hakanen, A. J. & Jalava, J. Evaluation of the Carba NP test for carbapenemase detection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58(12), 7553–7556 (2014).
Resurrección-Delgado, C. et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae nueva Delhi metalo-betalactamasa en el hospital nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Perú. Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica 34(2), 261 (2017).
Nicola, F. G., Nievas, J. & Smayevsky, J. Evaluación de diversos métodos fenotípicos para la detección de carbapenemasas KPC en Klebsiella pneumoniae. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 44(4), 290–302 (2012).
Ali, S., Alam, M., Hasan, G. M. & Hassan, M. I. Potential therapeutic targets of Klebsiella pneumoniae: A multi-omics review perspective. Brief. Funct. Genomics 21(2), 63–77 (2021).
Vuotto, C., Longo, F., Balice, M., Donelli, G. & Varaldo, P. Antibiotic resistance related to biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pathogens. 3(3), 743–758 (2014).
Sedighi, M. et al. Molecular detection of β-lactamase and integron genes in clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 50(3), 321–328 (2017).
Alcántar-Curiel, M. D. et al. Multi-functional analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae fimbrial types in adherence and biofilm formation. Virulence. 4(2), 129–138 (2013).
Shon, A. S., Bajwa, R. P. S. & Russo, T. A. Hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Virulence. 4(2), 107–118 (2013).
Paczosa, M. K. & Mecsas, J. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Going on the offense with a strong defense. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 80(3), 629–661 (2016).
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2024 . Increase of hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the EU/EEA. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/increase-hypervirulent-carbapenem-resistant-klebsiella-pneumoniae-eueea
Cornejo, V. L. & Hilario-Vargas, J. Genotipificación por PCR convencional de genes de resistencia en Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEE aisladas de muestras clínicas del servicio de UCI de dos hospitales de Cajamarca. Revista CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA. 17(3), 11–21 (2021).
Requena, S. D. et al. Detección fenotípica y genotípica de la producción de carbapenemasas tipo NDM-1 y KPC en enterobacterias aisladas en un laboratorio clínico en Maracay, Venezuela. Rev. Chilena Infectol. 38(2), 197–203 (2021).
Zhang, S. et al. Frontiers. Front. Microbiol. 9, 289 (2018).
Amiri, A., Firoozeh, F., Moniri, R. & Zibaei, M. Prevalence of CTX-M-type and PER extended-spectrum β-lactamases among Klebsiella spp. isolated from clinical specimens in the teaching Hospital of Kashan, Iran. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J. 18(3), e22260 (2016).
Carvalho, I. et al. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring extended spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes isolated from human septicemias. PLoS ONE 16(5), e0250525 (2021).
Guo, Y. et al. Virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in Shijiazhuang City from China. Int. Microbiol. 26(4), 1073–1085 (2023).
Partridge, S. R., Kwong, S. M., Firth, N. & Jensen, S. O. Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 31(4), 10–1128 (2018).
Seiler, C. & Berendonk, T. U. Heavy metal driven co-selection of antibiotic resistance in soil and water bodies impacted by agriculture and aquaculture. Front. Microbiol. 3, 399 (2012).
Bondarczuk, K. & Piotrowska-Seget, Z. Molecular basis of active copper resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 29(6), 397–405 (2013).
Elgayar, F. A., Gouda, M. K., Badran, A. A. & El Halfawy, N. M. Pathogenomics analysis of high-risk clone ST147 multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a patient in Egypt. BMC Microbiol. 24(1), 256 (2024).
Falcone, M. et al. Spread of hypervirulent multidrug-resistant ST147 Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with severe COVID-19: An observational study from Italy, 2020–21. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 77(4), 1140–1145 (2022).
Arcari, G. et al. Ceftazidime–avibactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 37: A decade of persistence and concealed evolution. Microbial Genomics. 9(2), 000931 (2023).
Wang, X. et al. Genomic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carried by wild birds. Microbiol. Spectrum. 11(2), e02691-22 (2023).
Puljko, A. et al. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem and colistin resistance in Klebsiella and other Enterobacterales from treated wastewater in Croatia. Environ. Int. 185, 108554 (2024).
Gorrie, C. L. et al. Genomic dissection of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in hospital patients reveals insights into an opportunistic pathogen. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 3017 (2022).
Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology [Internet]. Boston, MA: Springer US (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29298-5
Kango N. Textbook of Microbiology. I. K. International Pvt Ltd (2013).
Mcfarland, J. The nephelometer: An instrument for estimating the number of bacteria in suspensions used for calculating the opsonic index and for vaccines. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. XLIX(14), 1176 (1907).
Clsi. M100: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptability testing. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute antimicrobial susceptibility testing standards (2021).
Sánchez Leal, L. C. & Corrales Ramírez, L. C. Congelación Bacteriana: Factores Que Intervienen en el Proceso. Nova. 3(3), 109–113 (2005).
Jarlier, V., Nicolas, M. H., Fournier, G. & Philippon, A. Extended broad-spectrum -lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer -lactam agents in enterobacteriaceae: Hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Clin. Infect. Dis. 10(4), 867–878 (1988).
Walia, K. et al. Establishing antimicrobial resistance surveillance & Research network in India: Journey so far. Indian J. Med. Res. 149(2), 164 (2019).
Corrales Ramírez, L. C. & Caycedo Lozano, L. Principios físicoquímicos de los colorantes utilizados en microbiología Principios físicoquímicos de los colorantes. Nova. 18(33), 73–100 (2020).
Lin, Y. C. et al. Assessment of hypermucoviscosity as a virulence factor for experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: Comparative virulence analysis with hypermucoviscosity-negative strain. BMC Microbiol. 11(1), 1–86 (2011).
O’Toole, G. A. Microtiter dish biofilm formation assay. J. Visual. Exp. 30(47), 2437 (2011).
Stepanović, S., Vuković, D., Dakić, I., Savić, B. & Švabić-Vlahović, M. A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation. J. Microbiol. Methods 40(2), 175–179 (2000).
Ramakrishnan, K., Johnsi, P. J. & Seetha, K. S. Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its virulence factors from a tertiary care hospital. Indian J. Microbiol. Res. 6(2), 109–112 (2019).
Temel, A. & Erac, B. Investigating biofilm formation and antibiofilm activity using real time cell analysis method in carbapenem resistant acinetobacter Baumannii Strains. Curr. Microbiol. 79(9), 256 (2022).
Esselmann, M. T. & Liu, P. V. Lecithinase production by gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 81(6), 939–945 (1961).
Ribeiro Junior, J. C. et al. Efficiency of boiling and four other methods for genomic DNA extraction of deteriorating spore-forming bacteria from milk. Semina Ciências Agrárias. 37(5), 3069 (2016).
Bergkessel, M. & Guthrie, C. Colony PCR. In Methods in enzymology [Internet]. Elsevier, pp 299–309 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-418687-3.00025-2
Brown, J., Pirrung, M. & McCue, L. A. FQC dashboard: Integrates FastQC results into a web-based, interactive, and extensible FASTQ quality control tool. Bioinformatics 33(19), 3137–3139 (2017).
Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15), 2114–2120 (2014).
Bankevich, A. et al. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J. Comput. Biol. 19(5), 455–477 (2012).
Gurevich, A., Saveliev, V., Vyahhi, N. & Tesler, G. QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 29(8), 1072–1075 (2013).
Zerbino, D. R. & Birney, E. Velvet: Algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs. Genome Res. 18(5), 821–829 (2008).
Seemann, T. Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics 30(14), 2068–2069 (2014).
Hunt, M., Mather, A. E., Sánchez-Busó, L., Page, A. J., Parkhill, J. & Keane, J. A., et al. ARIBA: Rapid antimicrobial resistance genotyping directly from sequencing reads. Microbial. Genomics. 3 (10) (2017).
Bortolaia, V. et al. ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 75(12), 3491–3500 (2020).
Feldgarden, M. et al. AMRFinderPlus and the Reference Gene Catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 12728 (2021).
Argimón, S. et al. Rapid genomic characterization and global surveillance of klebsiella using pathogenwatch. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73(Supplement_4), S325-335 (2021).
Kleinheinz, K. A., Joensen, K. G. & Larsen, M. V. Applying the ResFinder and VirulenceFinder web-services for easy identification of acquired antibiotic resistance and E. coli virulence genes in bacteriophage and prophage nucleotide sequences. Bacteriophage. 4(2), e27943 (2014).
Chen, L. VFDB: A reference database for bacterial virulence factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 33(Database issue), D325–D328 (2004).
Liu, B., Zheng, D., Jin, Q., Chen, L. & Yang, J. VFDB 2019: A comparative pathogenomic platform with an interactive web interface. Nucleic Acids Res. 47(D1), D687–D692 (2018).
Carattoli, A. & Hasman, H. PlasmidFinder and In Silico pMLST: Identification and typing of plasmid replicons in whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In Methods in Molecular Biology [Internet]. Springer, pp 285–94 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9877-7_20
Akhter, S., Aziz, R. K. & Edwards, R. A. PhiSpy: A novel algorithm for finding prophages in bacterial genomes that combines similarity- and composition-based strategies. Nucleic Acids Res. 40(16), e126–e126 (2012).