Stock Ticker

Comparative duration of neutralizing responses and protections of COVID-19 vaccination and correlates of protection

  • Mathieu, E. et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World in Data (2020).

  • Feng, S. et al. Correlates of protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 27, 2032–2040 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Marking, U. et al. Correlates of protection and viral load trajectories in omicron breakthrough infections in triple vaccinated healthcare workers. Nat. Commun. 14, 1577 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gilbert, P. B. et al. Immune correlates analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial. Science 375, 43–50 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Khoury, D. S. et al. Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 27, 1205–1211 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cromer, D. et al. Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe 3, e52–e61 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cromer, D. et al. Predicting vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 over time and against variants: a meta-analysis. Nat. Commun. 14, 1633 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sun, K. et al. SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection from infection against variants of concern. Nat. Med 30, 2805–2812 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jalkanen, P. et al. Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Of-Concern Six Months after the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e02252-21.

  • Earle, K. A. et al. Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine 39, 4423–4428 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jäger, M. et al. Serum Neutralization Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Heterogenic and Depends on Vaccination Regimen. J. Infect. Dis. 227, 528–532 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, W. et al. The kinetics of IgG subclasses and contributions to neutralizing activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 wild‐type strain and variants in healthy adults immunized with inactivated vaccine. Immunology https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13531 (2022).

  • Belik, M. et al. Comparative analysis of COVID-19 vaccine responses and third booster dose-induced neutralizing antibodies against delta and omicron variants. Nat. Commun. 13, 2476 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fedele, G. et al. Evaluation of humoral and cellular response to four vaccines against COVID-19 in different age groups: A longitudinal study. Front Immunol. 13, 1021396 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stein, C. et al. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 401, 833–842 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dan, J. M. et al. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science 371, eabf4063 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McMenamin, M. E. et al. Vaccine effectiveness of one, two, and three doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac against COVID-19 in Hong Kong: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1435–1443 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hui, A.-M. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a phase 2 randomised clinical trial. Lancet Reg. Health West Pac. 29, 100586 (2022).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Andrews, N. et al. Duration of protection against mild and severe disease by COVID-19 vaccines. N. Engl. J. Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2115481 (2022).

  • Zhang, R. et al. Antibody response of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac platforms in recovered individuals previously infected by COVID-19 against SARS-CoV-2 wild type and delta variant. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 1442 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Singanallur, N. B. et al. At least three doses of leading vaccines essential for neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant. Front Immunol. 13, 883612 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • GeurtsvanKessel, C. H. et al. Divergent SARS CoV-2 Omicron-reactive T- and B cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients. Sci. Immunol. 7, eabo2202 (2022).

  • Tomic, A. et al. Divergent trajectories of antiviral memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Commun. 13, 1251 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pegu, A. et al. Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science 373, 1372–1377 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sadoff, J. et al. Durable antibody responses elicited by 1 dose of Ad26.COV2.S and substantial increase after boosting: 2 randomized clinical trials. Vaccine 40, 4403–4411 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vogel, E. et al. Dynamics of humoral and cellular immune responses after homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2. eBioMedicine 85, 104294 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reynolds, C. J. et al. Heterologous infection and vaccination shapes immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science 375, 183–192 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lopera, T. J. et al. Humoral response to BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants decays after six months. Front Immunol. 13, 879036 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sapkal, G. et al. Immune responses against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 including Omicron following 6 months of administration of heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine. J. Travel Med. 29, taac033 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, R. et al. Immunogenicity of a heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA and inactivated virus vaccines compared with homologous vaccination strategy against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 72 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Payne, R. P. et al. Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Cell 184, 5699–5714.e11 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nham, E. et al. Kinetics of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers and estimated protective immunity against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the delta variant: a prospective nationwide cohort study comparing three COVID-19 vaccination protocols in South Korea. Front Immunol. 13, 968105 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bonura, F. et al. Neutralizing antibodies response against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern elicited by prior Infection or mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 874 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, X. et al. Prediction of long-term kinetics of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody and time-varying vaccine-specific efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant by clinical endpoint. BMC Med. 20, 36 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hein, S. et al. Quantitative and qualitative difference in antibody response against omicron and ancestral SARS-CoV-2 after third and fourth vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 796 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Seki, Y. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the Pfizer/BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 mRNA third booster vaccine dose against the BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron variants. Med 3, 406–421.e4 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tan, C. S. et al. Durability of heterologous and homologous COVID-19 vaccine boosts. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2226335 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sablerolles, R. S. G. et al. Durability of immune responses after boosting in Ad26.COV2.S-primed healthcare workers. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, e533–e536 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, Y. et al. Immunogenicity, durability, and safety of an mRNA and three platform-based COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose following two doses of CoronaVac in China: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. eClinicalMedicine 54, 101680 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Parisi, S. G. et al. Long-term longitudinal analysis of neutralizing antibody response to three vaccine doses in a real-life setting of previously SARS-CoV-2 infected healthcare workers: a model for predicting response to further vaccine doses. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 1237 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xia, H. et al. Neutralization and durability of 2 or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against Omicron SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 30, 485–488.e3 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Assawakosri, S. et al. Persistence of immunity against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants following homologous and heterologous COVID-19 booster vaccines in healthy adults after a two-dose AZD1222 vaccination. Int J. Infect. Dis. 122, 793–801 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mantus, G. et al. Pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity influences potency, breadth, and durability of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Cell Rep. Med. 3, 100603 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leong, D. P. et al. Comparison of three dosing intervals for the primary vaccination of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine (BNT162b2) on magnitude, neutralization capacity and durability of the humoral immune response in health care workers: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 18, e0281673 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Choi, M. J. et al. Six-month longitudinal immune kinetics after mRNA-1273 vaccination: correlation of peak antibody response with long-term, cross-reactive immunity. Front Immunol. 13, 1035441 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jiang, H. et al. The 6-month antibody durability of heterologous convidecia plus CoronaVac and homologous CoronaVac immunizations in people aged 18–59 years and over 60 years based on two randomized controlled trials in China. Vaccines (Basel) 11, 1815 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Assawakosri, S. et al. Immunogenicity and durability against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 variants at 3–4 months after a heterologous COVID-19 booster vaccine in healthy adults with a two-doses CoronaVac vaccination. Heliyon 10, e23892 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Erfanpoor, S. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of RAZI recombinant spike protein vaccine (RCP) as a booster dose after priming with BBIBP-CorV: a parallel two groups, randomized, double blind trial. BMC Med 22, 1–11 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, F. et al. Neutralizing antibody levels associated with injectable and aerosolized Ad5-nCoV boosters and BA.2 infection. BMC Med 21, 1–10 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hannawi, S. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of multivalent SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccines: a randomized phase 3 trial. eClinicalMedicine 64, 102195 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mohn, K. G.-I. et al. Durable T-cellular and humoral responses in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized and community patients. PLoS One 17, e0261979 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Choi, J. et al. Neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants following a third BNT162b2 booster dose according to three homologous or heterologous COVID-19 vaccination schedules. Front Cell Infect. Microbiol 12, 948014 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vadrevu, K. M. et al. Persistence of immunity and impact of third dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine against emerging variants. Sci. Rep. 12, 12038 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Miyamoto, S. et al. Vaccination-infection interval determines cross-neutralization potency to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron after breakthrough infection by other variants. Med. 3, 249–261 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, H. et al. Evaluation of antibody kinetics and durability in healthy individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac): a cross-sectional and cohort study in Zhejiang, China. eLife 12, e84056 (2023).

  • Kohmer, N. et al. Heterologous prime-boost immunization with ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2: reactogenicity and immunogenicity in a prospective cohort study. Int J. Infect. Dis. 128, 166–175 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lim, H. et al. Humoral immune response of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA-1273 prime-boost vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 variants in Korea. Infect. Chemother. 55, 99–104 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hyun, H. et al. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous booster vaccination in Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals: comparison by breakthrough infection. Front Immunol. 14, 1131229 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee, Y. J. et al. Longitudinal kinetics of neutralizing antibodies against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants and estimated level of group immunity of booster-vaccinated individuals during omicron-dominated COVID-19 outbreaks in the Republic of Korea. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e01655–23 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Park, J.-S. et al. Magnitude and duration of serum neutralizing antibody titers induced by a third mRNA COVID-19 vaccination against omicron BA.1 in older individuals. Infect. Chemother. 56, 25–36 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Suntronwong, N. et al. Long-term dynamic changes in hybrid immunity over six months after inactivated and adenoviral vector vaccination in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccines (Basel) 12, 180 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reinholm, A. et al. Neutralizing antibodies after the third COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers with or without breakthrough infection. Commun. Med. (Lond.) 4, 28 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Poukka, E. et al. Cohort study of Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness among healthcare workers in Finland, December 2020 – October 2021. Vaccine 40, 701–705 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arashiro, T. et al. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during delta-dominant and omicron-dominant periods in Japan: a multicenter prospective case-control study (factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines study). Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, e108–e115 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kissling, E. et al. Effectiveness of complete primary vaccination against COVID-19 at primary care and community level during predominant Delta circulation in Europe: multicentre analysis, I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC networks, July to August 2021. Eur. Surveill. 27, 2101104 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thompson, M. G. et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines in ambulatory and inpatient care settings. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1355–1371 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chung, H. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines over time prior to omicron emergence in Ontario, Canada: test-negative design study. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9, ofac449 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maeda, H. et al. Effectiveness of messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines against symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections during the delta variant epidemic in Japan: vaccine effectiveness real-time surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 (VERSUS). Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 1971–1979 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tartof, S. Y. et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 398, 1407–1416 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bruxvoort, K. J. et al. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against delta, mu, and other emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2: test negative case-control study. BMJ 375, e068848 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • El Sahly, H. M. et al. Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Completion of Blinded Phase. N. Engl. J. Med 385, 1774–1785 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moghnieh, R. et al. Immunogenicity and effectiveness of primary and booster vaccine combination strategies during periods of SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 1596 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nordström, P., Ballin, M. & Nordström, A. Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden. Lancet 399, 814–823 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thomas, S. J. et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine through 6 Months. N. Engl. J. Med. NEJMoa2110345 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110345 (2021).

  • El Adam, S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine effectiveness in health care workers by dosing interval and time since vaccination: test-negative design, British Columbia, Canada. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9, ofac178 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Katikireddi, S. V. et al. Two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine protection against COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths over time: a retrospective, population-based cohort study in Scotland and Brazil. Lancet 399, 25–35 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lind, M. L. et al. Use of whole-genome sequencing to estimate the contribution of immune evasion and waning immunity on decreasing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. J. Infect. Dis. 227, 663–674 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gram, M. A. et al. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 hospitalization with the Alpha, Delta, or Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a nationwide Danish cohort study. PLoS Med 19, e1003992 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nielsen, K. F. et al. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during periods of Alpha, Delta, or Omicron dominance: a Danish nationwide study. PLoS Med 19, e1004037 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Buchan, S. A., Nguyen, L., Wilson, S. E., Kitchen, S. A. & Kwong, J. C. Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 against delta and omicron variants in adolescents. Pediatrics 150, e2022057634 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Florentino, P. T. V. et al. Vaccine effectiveness of two-dose BNT162b2 against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 among adolescents in Brazil and Scotland over time: a test-negative case-control study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1577–1586 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ferdinands, J. M. et al. Waning 2-dose and 3-dose effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults during periods of delta and omicron variant predominance – VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 71, 255–263 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Prunas, O., Weinberger, D. M., Pitzer, V. E., Gazit, S. & Patalon, T. Waning effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against infection in adolescents in Israel. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, 113–118 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Glatman-Freedman, A. et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine booster against SARS-CoV-2 infection and breakthrough complications, Israel. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 28, 948–956 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stowe, J., Andrews, N., Kirsebom, F., Ramsay, M. & Bernal, J. L. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron and Delta hospitalisation, a test negative case-control study. Nat. Commun. 13, 5736 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arashiro, T. et al. Immune escape and waning immunity of COVID-19 monovalent mRNA vaccines against symptomatic infection with BA.1/BA.2 and BA.5 in Japan. Vaccine 41, 6969–6979 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fleming-Dutra, K. E. Preliminary estimates of effectiveness of monovalent mRNA vaccines in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection among children aged 3–5 Years—increasing community access to testing program, United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 72, 177–182 (2023).

  • Britton, A. et al. Association of COVID-19 vaccination with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection by time since vaccination and delta variant predominance. JAMA 327, 1032–1041 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Homan, T. et al. Covid-19 vaccination programme effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 related infections, hospital admissions and deaths in the Apulia region of Italy: a one-year retrospective cohort study. Sci. Rep. 12, 18597 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Andrews, N. et al. Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant. N. Engl. J. Med. NEJMoa2119451 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2119451 (2022).

  • Menni, C. et al. COVID-19 vaccine waning and effectiveness and side-effects of boosters: a prospective community study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1002–1010 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mazagatos, C. et al. COVID‐19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization due to SARS‐CoV‐2: a test‐negative design study based on Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Spain. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 16, 1014–1025 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tartof, S. Y. et al. Durability of BNT162b2 vaccine against hospital and emergency department admissions due to the omicron and delta variants in a large health system in the USA: a test-negative case–control study. Lancet Respir. Med 10, 689–699 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Collie, S. et al. Effectiveness and Durability of the BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Sublineages in South Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. NEJMc2210093 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2210093 (2022).

  • Gray, G. et al. Effectiveness of Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2 Vaccines against Omicron Variant in South Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. NEJMc2202061 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2202061 (2022).

  • Nasreen, S. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospitalization and death in Canada: a multiprovincial test-negative design study. Clin Infect Dis ciac634 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac634 (2022).

  • Tseng, H. F. et al. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Nat. Med 28, 1063–1071 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baum, U. et al. High vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 in the elderly in Finland before and after the emergence of Omicron. BMC Infect. Dis. 22, 816 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, V. et al. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. N Engl J. Med. 14, NEJMoa2118691 (2022).

  • Skowronski, D. M. et al. Two-dose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine effectiveness with mixed schedules and extended dosing intervals: test-negative design studies from British Columbia and Quebec, Canada. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 1980–1992 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horne, E. M. F. et al. Waning effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 covid-19 vaccines over six months since second dose: OpenSAFELY cohort study using linked electronic health records. BMJ 378, e071249 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chemaitelly, H. et al. Waning of BNT162b2 vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar. N. Engl. J. Med 385, e83 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ionescu, I. G. et al. BNT162b2 effectiveness against delta and omicron variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in adolescents aged 12–17 years, by dosing interval and duration. J. Infect. Dis. 227, 1073–1083 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mallah, N. et al. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in children by age groups. a population-based study in Galicia, Spain. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 34, e14037 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cerqueira-Silva, T. et al. Effectiveness of mRNA boosters after homologous primary series with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 against symptomatic infection and severe COVID-19 in Brazil and Scotland: A test-negative design case–control study. PLOS Med. 20, e1004156 (2023).

  • Keech, C. et al. Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2320–2332 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walsh, E. E. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based covid-19 vaccine candidates. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2439–2450 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leung, N. H. L. et al. Comparative antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, reactogenicity, and efficacy of homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 (Cobovax): an open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Microbe 4, e670–e682 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tsang, N. N. Y., So, H. C., Cowling, B. J., Leung, G. M. & Ip, D. K. M. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination against asymptomatic and symptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 in Hong Kong: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, 421–434 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheng, S. M. S. et al. Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.1 following homologous and heterologous CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination. Nat. Med 28, 486–489 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Regev-Yochay, G. et al. Correlates of protection against COVID-19 infection and intensity of symptomatic disease in vaccinated individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in households in Israel (ICoFS): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Microbe 4, e309–e318 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hertz, T. et al. Correlates of protection for booster doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nat. Commun. 14, 4575 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goldblatt, D., Alter, G., Crotty, S. & Plotkin, S. A. Correlates of protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease. Immunol. Rev. 310, 6–26 (2022).

  • Wei, Y. et al. Estimation of vaccine effectiveness of CoronaVac and BNT162b2 against severe outcomes over time among patients with SARS-CoV-2 omicron. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2254777 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pérez-Then, E. et al. Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants following heterologous CoronaVac plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination. Nat. Med 28, 481–485 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Swadling, L. et al. Pre-existing polymerase-specific T cells expand in abortive seronegative SARS-CoV-2. Nature 601, 110–117 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Loyal, L. et al. Cross-reactive CD4+ T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination. Science 374, eabh1823 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bertoletti, A., Le Bert, N., Qui, M. & Tan, A. T. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination. Cell Mol. Immunol. 18, 2307–2312 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spinello, A., Saltalamacchia, A., Borišek, J. & Magistrato, A. Allosteric cross-talk among spike’s receptor-binding domain mutations of the sars-cov-2 south african variant triggers an effective hijacking of human cell receptor. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 5987–5993 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wilks, S. H. et al. Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses. Science 382, eadj0070 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Petrova, V. N. & Russell, C. A. The evolution of seasonal influenza viruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 16, 47–60 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Feikin, D. R. et al. Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression. Lancet 399, 924–944 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Higdon, M. M. et al. Duration of effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 caused by the omicron variant. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1114–1116 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zaeck, L. M., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H. & Vries, R. D. de. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and evolving variants: understanding the immunological footprint. Lancet Respiratory Med. 11, 395–396 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kirsebom, F. C. M., Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Ramsay, M. & Bernal, J. L. Duration of protection of ancestral-strain monovalent vaccines and effectiveness of bivalent BA.1 boosters against COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: a test-negative case-control study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, 1235–1243 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu, N. et al. Long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against infections, hospitalisations, and mortality in adults: findings from a rapid living systematic evidence synthesis and meta-analysis up to December, 2022. Lancet Respiratory Med. 11, 439–452 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Srivastava, K. et al. SARS-CoV-2-infection- and vaccine-induced antibody responses are long lasting with an initial waning phase followed by a stabilization phase. Immunity 57, 587–599.e4 (2024).

  • Jamshidi, E. et al. Longevity of immunity following COVID-19 vaccination: a comprehensive review of the currently approved vaccines. Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics 18, 2037384 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pilz, S., Theiler-Schwetz, V., Trummer, C., Krause, R. & Ioannidis, J. P. A. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity. Environ. Res. 209, 112911 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Risk of bias tools (2025). https://www.riskofbias.info/ (Accessed 19 May 2025).

  • Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J. & Tong, T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 14, 135 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vehtari, A., Gelman, A. & Gabry, J. Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC. Stat. Comput 27, 1413–1432 (2017).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Merkle, E., Rosseel, Y. & Goodrich, B. Model Comparison (2023). https://ecmerkle.github.io/blavaan/articles/model_comparison.html (Accessed 19 May 2025).

  • Liu, C. Comparative duration of nAb and VE and correlate of protection. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15227371 (2025).

  • Source link

    Get RawNews Daily

    Stay informed with our RawNews daily newsletter email

    President Trump to Speak About Shooting, Live Stream

    Text updates, goals and stats as Rashford helps Barca win 2-0 in La Liga

    Katie Couric Calls Matt Lauer’s Rape Accuser ‘Very Brave’

    Arsenal v Newcastle: Text commentary, updates, goals and Premier League stats