Ma M, Jiang W, Zhou R. DAMPs and DAMP-sensing receptors in inflammation and diseases. Immunity. 2024;57:752–71.
Levy DE, Marie IJ, Durbin JE. Induction and function of type I and III interferon in response to viral infection. Curr Opin Virol. 2011;1:476–86.
Li SF, Gong MJ, Zhao FR, Shao JJ, Xie YL, Zhang YG, et al. Type I interferons: distinct biological activities and current applications for viral infection. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;51:2377–96.
Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM. Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:513–45.
Schoggins JW. Interferon-stimulated genes: what do they all do?. Annu Rev Virol. 2019;6:567–84.
Xing J, Zhang A, Du Y, Fang M, Minze LJ, Liu YJ, et al. Identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 (PARP9) as a noncanonical sensor for RNA virus in dendritic cells. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2681.
Zhang E, Fang M, Jones C, Minze LJ, Xing J, Zhang Z. Mechanisms involved in controlling RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79:313.
Liu YP, Zeng L, Tian A, Bomkamp A, Rivera D, Gutman D, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates the innate immunity critical transcription factor IRF3. J Immunol. 2012;189:4630–9.
Wang L, Zhu Y, Zhang N, Xian Y, Tang Y, Ye J, et al. The multiple roles of interferon regulatory factor family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:282.
Ozato K, Tailor P, Kubota T. The interferon regulatory factor family in host defense: mechanism of action. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:20065–9.
Zhou H, Tang YD, Zheng C. Revisiting IRF1-mediated antiviral innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;64:1–6.
Au WC, Moore PA, Lowther W, Juang YT, Pitha PM. Identification of a member of the interferon regulatory factor family that binds to the interferon-stimulated response element and activates expression of interferon-induced genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:11657–61.
Daffis S, Lazear HM, Liu WJ, Audsley M, Engle M, Khromykh AA, et al. The naturally attenuated Kunjin strain of West Nile virus shows enhanced sensitivity to the host type I interferon response. J Virol. 2011;85:5664–8.
Honda K, Yanai H, Negishi H, Asagiri M, Sato M, Mizutani T, et al. IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses. Nature. 2005;434:772–7.
Menachery VD, Leib DA. Control of herpes simplex virus replication is mediated through an interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent pathway. J Virol. 2009;83:12399–406.
Sato M, Suemori H, Hata N, Asagiri M, Ogasawara K, Nakao K, et al. Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-alpha/beta gene induction. Immunity. 2000;13:539–48.
Daffis S, Samuel MA, Keller BC, Gale M Jr, Diamond MS. Cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against West Nile virus infection by interferon-dependent and -independent mechanisms. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e106.
Schilte C, Buckwalter MR, Laird ME, Diamond MS, Schwartz O, Albert ML. Cutting edge: independent roles for IRF-3 and IRF-7 in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells during host response to Chikungunya infection. J Immunol. 2012;188:2967–71.
Antonczyk A, Krist B, Sajek M, Michalska A, Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Plens-Galaska M, et al. Direct inhibition of IRF-dependent transcriptional regulatory mechanisms associated with disease. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1176.
Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of keeping and tipping the balance: host regulation and viral modulation of IRF3-dependent IFNB1 expression. Viruses. 2020;12:733.
Chattopadhyay S, Kuzmanovic T, Zhang Y, Wetzel JL, Sen GC. Ubiquitination of the transcription factor IRF-3 activates RIPA, the apoptotic pathway that protects mice from viral pathogenesis. Immunity. 2016;44:1151–61.
Chattopadhyay S, Marques JT, Yamashita M, Peters KL, Smith K, Desai A, et al. Viral apoptosis is induced by IRF-3-mediated activation of Bax. EMBO J. 2010;29:1762–73.
Wei B, Cui Y, Huang Y, Liu H, Li L, Li M, et al. Tom70 mediates Sendai virus-induced apoptosis on mitochondria. J Virol. 2015;89:3804–18.
Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Olagnier D, Lin R, Hiscott J, van Grevenynghe J. Host restriction factor SAMHD1 limits human T cell leukemia virus type 1 infection of monocytes via STING-mediated apoptosis. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;14:422–34.
Popli S, Chakravarty S, Fan S, Glanz A, Aras S, Nagy LE, et al. IRF3 inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB to prevent viral inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119:e2121385119.
Chakravarty S, Varghese M, Fan S, Taylor RT, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. IRF3 inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages to prevent viral pathogenesis. Sci Adv. 2024;10:eadn2858.
Di Paolo NC, Doronin K, Baldwin LK, Papayannopoulou T, Shayakhmetov DM. The transcription factor IRF3 triggers “defensive suicide” necrosis in response to viral and bacterial pathogens. Cell Rep. 2013;3:1840–6.
Ning S, Pagano JS, Barber GN. IRF7: activation, regulation, modification and function. Genes Immun. 2011;12:399–414.
Marie I, Durbin JE, Levy DE. Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-alpha genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7. EMBO J. 1998;17:6660–9.
Lazear HM, Schoggins JW, Diamond MS. Shared and distinct functions of type I and type III interferons. Immunity. 2019;50:907–23.
Donnelly RP, Kotenko SV. Interferon-lambda: a new addition to an old family. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2010;30:555–64.
Zhou JH, Wang YN, Chang QY, Ma P, Hu Y, Cao X. Type III interferons in viral infection and antiviral immunity. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;51:173–85.
Grandvaux N, Servant MJ, tenOever B, Sen GC, Balachandran S, Barber GN, et al. Transcriptional profiling of interferon regulatory factor 3 target genes: direct involvement in the regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. J Virol. 2002;76:5532–9.
Nakaya T, Sato M, Hata N, Asagiri M, Suemori H, Noguchi S, et al. Gene induction pathways mediated by distinct IRFs during viral infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;283:1150–6.
Navarro L, Mowen K, Rodems S, Weaver B, Reich N, Spector D, et al. Cytomegalovirus activates interferon immediate-early response gene expression and an interferon regulatory factor 3-containing interferon-stimulated response element-binding complex. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18:3796–802.
Weaver BK, Ando O, Kumar KP, Reich NC. Apoptosis is promoted by the dsRNA-activated factor (DRAF1) during viral infection independent of the action of interferon or p53. FASEB J. 2001;15:501–15.
Genin P, Algarte M, Roof P, Lin R, Hiscott J. Regulation of RANTES chemokine gene expression requires cooperativity between NF-kappa B and IFN-regulatory factor transcription factors. J Immunol. 2000;164:5352–61.
Lin R, Heylbroeck C, Genin P, Pitha PM, Hiscott J. Essential role of interferon regulatory factor 3 in direct activation of RANTES chemokine transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1999;19:959–66.
Liu Y, Mo CF, Luo XY, Li H, Guo HJ, Sun H, et al. Activation of toll-like receptor 3 induces interleukin-1 receptor antagonist expression by activating the interferon regulatory factor 3. J Innate Immun. 2020;12:304–20.
Goubau D, Romieu-Mourez R, Solis M, Hernandez E, Mesplede T, Lin R, et al. Transcriptional re-programming of primary macrophages reveals distinct apoptotic and anti-tumoral functions of IRF-3 and IRF-7. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39:527–40.
Kirshner JR, Karpova AY, Kops M, Howley PM. Identification of TRAIL as an interferon regulatory factor 3 transcriptional target. J Virol. 2005;79:9320–4.
Peters K, Chattopadhyay S, Sen GC. IRF-3 activation by Sendai virus infection is required for cellular apoptosis and avoidance of persistence. J Virol. 2008;82:3500–8.
Peltier DC, Lazear HM, Farmer JR, Diamond MS, Miller DJ. Neurotropic arboviruses induce interferon regulatory factor 3-mediated neuronal responses that are cytoprotective, interferon independent, and inhibited by Western equine encephalitis virus capsid. J Virol. 2013;87:1821–33.
Fredericksen BL, Smith M, Katze MG, Shi PY, Gale M Jr. The host response to West Nile Virus infection limits viral spread through the activation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway. J Virol. 2004;78:7737–47.
Menasria R, Boivin N, Lebel M, Piret J, Gosselin J, Boivin G. Both TRIF and IPS-1 adaptor proteins contribute to the cerebral innate immune response against herpes simplex virus 1 infection. J Virol. 2013;87:7301–8.
Tan YS, Lei YL. Generation and culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1960:85–91.
Dai P, Cao H, Merghoub T, Avogadri F, Wang W, Parikh T, et al. Myxoma virus induces type I interferon production in murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells via a TLR9/MyD88-, IRF5/IRF7-, and IFNAR-dependent pathway. J Virol. 2011;85:10814–25.
Nakajima A, Nishimura K, Nakaima Y, Oh T, Noguchi S, Taniguchi T, et al. Cell type-dependent proapoptotic role of Bcl2L12 revealed by a mutation concomitant with the disruption of the juxtaposed Irf3 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:12448–52.
Yanai H, Chiba S, Hangai S, Kometani K, Inoue A, Kimura Y, et al. Revisiting the role of IRF3 in inflammation and immunity by conditional and specifically targeted gene ablation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:5253–8.
Andersen LL, Mork N, Reinert LS, Kofod-Olsen E, Narita R, Jorgensen SE, et al. Functional IRF3 deficiency in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis. J Exp Med. 2015;212:1371–9.
Thomsen MM, Jorgensen SE, Storgaard M, Kristensen LS, Gjedsted J, Christiansen M, et al. Identification of an IRF3 variant and defective antiviral interferon responses in a patient with severe influenza. Eur J Immunol. 2019;49:2111–4.
Mork N, Kofod-Olsen E, Sorensen KB, Bach E, Orntoft TF, Ostergaard L, et al. Mutations in the TLR3 signaling pathway and beyond in adult patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Genes Immun. 2015;16:552–66.
Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Le Pen J, Moncada-Velez M, Chen J, et al. Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science. 2020;370:eabd4570.
Bigham AW, Buckingham KJ, Husain S, Emond MJ, Bofferding KM, Gildersleeve H, et al. Host genetic risk factors for West Nile virus infection and disease progression. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e24745.
Talaat RM, Elsayed SS, Abdel-Hakem NE, El-Shenawy SZ. Genetic polymorphism in toll-like receptor 3 and interferon regulatory factor 3 in hepatitis C virus-infected patients: correlation with liver cirrhosis. Viral Immunol. 2022;35:609–15.
Yan F, Gao YF, Lv F, Zhang TC, Li X, Yin HF. No association between IRF3 polymorphism and susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:388–92.
Wood BM, Mboko WP, Mounce BC, Tarakanova VL. Mouse gammaherpesvirus-68 infection acts as a rheostat to set the level of type I interferon signaling in primary macrophages. Virology. 2013;443:123–33.
Moore TC, Cody L, Kumm PM, Brown DM, Petro TM. IRF3 helps control acute TMEV infection through IL-6 expression but contributes to acute hippocampus damage following TMEV infection. Virus Res. 2013;178:226–33.
Hui KP, Lee SM, Cheung CY, Ng IH, Poon LL, Guan Y, et al. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in primary human macrophages by influenza A virus (H5N1) is selectively regulated by IFN regulatory factor 3 and p38 MAPK. J Immunol. 2009;182:1088–98.
Zhao XJ, Dong Q, Bindas J, Piganelli JD, Magill A, Reiser J, et al. TRIF and IRF-3 binding to the TNF promoter results in macrophage TNF dysregulation and steatosis induced by chronic ethanol. J Immunol. 2008;181:3049–56.
Menachery VD, Pasieka TJ, Leib DA. Interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent pathways are critical for control of herpes simplex virus type 1 central nervous system infection. J Virol. 2010;84:9685–94.
Bourdon M, Manet C, Conquet L, Ramauge Parra C, Kornobis E, Bonnefoy E, et al. Susceptibility to Zika virus in a Collaborative Cross mouse strain is induced by Irf3 deficiency in vitro but requires other variants in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19:e1011446.
Chen HW, King K, Tu J, Sanchez M, Luster AD, Shresta S. The roles of IRF-3 and IRF-7 in innate antiviral immunity against dengue virus. J Immunol. 2013;191:4194–201.
Proenca-Modena JL, Sesti-Costa R, Pinto AK, Richner JM, Lazear HM, Lucas T, et al. Oropouche virus infection and pathogenesis are restricted by MAVS, IRF-3, IRF-7, and type I interferon signaling pathways in nonmyeloid cells. J Virol. 2015;89:4720–37.
Lazear HM, Govero J, Smith AM, Platt DJ, Fernandez E, Miner JJ, et al. A mouse model of zika virus pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19:720–30.
Rudd PA, Wilson J, Gardner J, Larcher T, Babarit C, Le TT, et al. Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against Chikungunya virus hemorrhagic fever and shock. J Virol. 2012;86:9888–98.
Canivet C, Rheaume C, Lebel M, Piret J, Gosselin J, Boivin G. Both IRF3 and especially IRF7 play a key role to orchestrate an effective cerebral inflammatory response in a mouse model of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurovirol. 2018;24:761–8.
Schultz KLW, Troisi EM, Baxter VK, Glowinski R, Griffin DE. Interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 have distinct roles in the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol. 2019;100:46–62.
Ysebrant de Lendonck L, Martinet V, Goriely S. Interferon regulatory factor 3 in adaptive immune responses. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71:3873–83.
Moore TC, Vogel AJ, Petro TM, Brown DM. IRF3 deficiency impacts granzyme B expression and maintenance of memory T cell function in response to viral infection. Microbes Infect. 2015;17:426–39.
Thackray LB, Duan E, Lazear HM, Kambal A, Schreiber RD, Diamond MS, et al. Critical role for interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7 in type I interferon-mediated control of murine norovirus replication. J Virol. 2012;86:13515–23.
Hatesuer B, Hoang HT, Riese P, Trittel S, Gerhauser I, Elbahesh H, et al. Deletion of Irf3 and Irf7 genes in mice results in altered interferon pathway activation and granulocyte-dominated inflammatory responses to influenza A infection. J Innate Immun. 2017;9:145–61.
Jing T, Zhao B, Xu P, Gao X, Chi L, Han H, et al. The structural basis of IRF-3 activation upon phosphorylation. J Immunol. 2020;205:1886–96.
Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:626–38.
Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, Toothacre NE, Anguera MC. The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2024;24:487–502.
Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:594–604.
Souyris M, Cenac C, Azar P, Daviaud D, Canivet A, Grunenwald S, et al. TLR7 escapes X chromosome inactivation in immune cells. Sci Immunol. 2018;3:eaap8855.
Griesbeck M, Ziegler S, Laffont S, Smith N, Chauveau L, Tomezsko P, et al. Sex differences in plasmacytoid dendritic cell levels of IRF5 drive higher IFN-alpha production in women. J Immunol. 2015;195:5327–36.
Wang JT, Doong SL, Teng SC, Lee CP, Tsai CH, Chen MR. Epstein-Barr virus BGLF4 kinase suppresses the interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathway. J Virol. 2009;83:1856–69.
Zhu H, Zheng C, Xing J, Wang S, Li S, Lin R, et al. Varicella-zoster virus immediate-early protein ORF61 abrogates the IRF3-mediated innate immune response through degradation of activated IRF3. J Virol. 2011;85:11079–89.
Ji W, Sun T, Li D, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y, et al. TBK1 and IRF3 are potential therapeutic targets in Enterovirus A71-associated diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17:e0011001.
Probst P, Grigg JB, Wang M, Munoz E, Loo YM, Ireton RC, et al. A small-molecule IRF3 agonist functions as an influenza vaccine adjuvant by modulating the antiviral immune response. Vaccine. 2017;35:1964–71.
Glanz A, Chawla K, Fabry S, Subramanian G, Garcia J, Jay B, et al. High throughput screening of FDA-approved drug library reveals the compounds that promote IRF3-mediated pro-apoptotic pathway inhibit virus replication. Viruses. 2020;12:442.
Wust S, Schad P, Burkart S, Binder M. Comparative analysis of six IRF family members in alveolar epithelial cell-intrinsic antiviral responses. Cells. 2021;10:2600.
Murphy AA, Rosato PC, Parker ZM, Khalenkov A, Leib DA. Synergistic control of herpes simplex virus pathogenesis by IRF-3, and IRF-7 revealed through non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. Virology. 2013;444:71–9.
Bourne N, Scholle F, Silva MC, Rossi SL, Dewsbury N, Judy B, et al. Early production of type I interferon during West Nile virus infection: role for lymphoid tissues in IRF3-independent interferon production. J Virol. 2007;81:9100–8.
Mboko WP, Rekow MM, Ledwith MP, Lange PT, Schmitz KE, Anderson S, et al. Interferon regulatory factor 1 and type I interferon cooperate to control acute gammaherpesvirus infection. J Virol. 2017;91:e01444–16.
Spann KM, Loh Z, Lynch JP, Ullah A, Zhang V, Baturcam E, et al. IRF-3, IRF-7, and IPS-1 promote host defense against acute human metapneumovirus infection in neonatal mice. Am J Pathol. 2014;184:1795–806.
Chattopadhyay S, Fensterl V, Zhang Y, Veleeparambil M, Wetzel JL, Sen GC. Inhibition of viral pathogenesis and promotion of the septic shock response to bacterial infection by IRF-3 are regulated by the acetylation and phosphorylation of its coactivators. mBio. 2013;4:e00636–12.