Researchers have discovered eight new genes associated with schizophrenia, in the largest exome-sequencing study of the disorder ever conducted. The breakthrough, made by scientists at the Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics (CNGG) at Cardiff University, provides new information and improves the understanding and future treatment development for schizophrenia.

The paper titled “Whole-exome sequencing analysis identifies risk genes for schizophrenia” is published in Nature Communications.

The international study analyzed genetic data from 28,898 individuals with schizophrenia, 103,041 without the condition, and 3,444 families affected by the disorder. Researchers focused on detecting rare, high-impact mutations in protein-coding genes that are significantly more common in people with schizophrenia.

The study identified two genes—STAG1 and ZNF136—that were linked to schizophrenia with strong genetic evidence. An additional six genes—SLC6A1, KLC1, PCLO, ZMYND11, BSCL2, and CGREF—were also associated with more moderate evidence.

The research found that SLC6A1 and KLC1 are the first schizophrenia risk genes to be linked solely through missense variants, a specific type of mutation that alters the amino-acid sequence of proteins.

Sophie Chick, Ph.D. student at Cardiff University, said, “These findings are informative because they suggest that schizophrenia might be linked to changes in how DNA is organized within cells, and also disruptions in how brain cells communicate using a chemical called GABA.

“These results further our understanding of the complex neurobiology of schizophrenia and put us closer to the goal of advancing drug discovery and improving treatment.”

The research also strengthens the case for shared genetic roots between schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental conditions. Four of the newly identified genes—STAG1, SLC6A1, ZMYND11, and CGREF1—have previously been associated with autism, epilepsy, and developmental delay.

Dr. Elliott Rees, from Cardiff University School of Medicine and the study’s lead author, said, “Rare genetic variants have long been known to have a role in schizophrenia, but identifying specific genes linked to these mutations has been a major challenge.

“Our findings represent an important step forward by expanding the number of genes now confidently associated with rare variants in the disorder. These genes and mutations provide a blueprint for future research aimed at uncovering the specific disease mechanisms that underlie schizophrenia disorder.”

With only a limited number of risk genes identified before this study, researchers say the findings are a significant leap forward in understanding the complex genetics of schizophrenia. While translating these genetic discoveries into treatments remains a long-term goal, the results offer new hope for guiding drug development and targeted therapies in the future.