Rawson, T. M. et al. Optimizing antimicrobial use: challenges, advances and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19, 747–758 (2021).
Yelin, I. et al. Personal clinical history predicts antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infections. Nat. Med. 25, 1143–1152 (2019).
Butler, C. C. et al. Variations in presentation, management, and patient outcomes of urinary tract infection: a prospective four-country primary care observational cohort study. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 67, e830–e841 (2017).
Karlsen, H. & Dong, T. Biomarkers of urinary tract infections: State of the art, and promising applications for rapid strip-based chemical sensors. Analytical Methods 7, 7961–7975 (2015).
Horváth, J., Wullt, B., Naber, K. G. & Köves, B. Biomarkers in urinary tract infections – which ones are suitable for diagnostics and follow-up? GMS Infect. Dis. 8, Doc24 (2020).
Edwards, G. et al. What is the diagnostic accuracy of novel urine biomarkers for urinary tract infection? Biomarker Insights 18, https://doi.org/10.1177/11772719221144459 (2023).
Mattoo, T. K. & Spencer, J. D. Biomarkers for urinary tract infection: present and future perspectives. Pediatric Nephrol. 39 2833–2844 (2024).
Petrovic, S. et al. Clinical application neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 as indicators of inflammation persistence and acute kidney injury in children with urinary tract infection. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013, 947157 (2013).
Hatipoglu, S. et al. Urinary MMP-9/NGAL complex in children with acute cystitis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 26, 1263–1268 (2011).
Ottiger, C., Schaer, G. & Huber, A. R. Time-course of quantitative urinary leukocytes and bacteria counts during antibiotic therapy in women with symptoms of urinary tract infection. Clin. Chim. Acta 379, 36–41 (2007).
Davenport, M. et al. New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections. Nat. Rev. Urol. 14 298–310 (2017).
Abbott, I. J., Roberts, J. A., Meletiadis, J. & Peleg, A. Y. Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and preclinical in vitro models to support optimized treatment approaches for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. Expert Rev. Anti Infective Therapy 19 271–295 (2021).
Rawson, T. M. et al. Delivering precision antimicrobial therapy through closed-loop control systems. J. Antimicrobial Chemother. 73, 835–843 (2018).
Rawson, T. M. et al. Exploring the use of C-reactive protein to estimate the pharmacodynamics of vancomycin. Ther. Drug Monit. 40, 315–321 (2018).
Abdul-Aziz, M. H. et al. Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a Position Paper#. Intensive Care Med. 46, 1127–1153 (2020).
Ewoldt, T. M. J. et al. Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 48, 1760–1771 (2022).
Hagel, S. et al. Effect of therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimization of piperacillin/tazobactam on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 48, 311–321 (2022).
Siu, V. S. et al. Toward a quantitative colorimeter for point-of-care nitrite detection. ACS Omega 7, 11126–11134 (2022).
Zentner, I. et al. Urine colorimetry for therapeutic drug monitoring of pyrazinamide during tuberculosis treatment. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 68, 18–23 (2018).
Fransen, F., Melchers, M. J. B., Lagarde, C. M. C., Meletiadis, J. & Mouton, J. W. Pharmacodynamics of nitrofurantoin at different pH levels against pathogens involved in urinary tract infections. J. Antimicrobial Chemother. 72, 3366–3373 (2017).
Jayakumar, I., Mathaiyan, J., Mandal, J., Deepanjali, S. & Sreenivasan, S. K. Impact of therapeutic drug monitoring on once-daily regimen of amikacin in patients with urinary tract infection: a prospective observational study, www.drug-monitoring (2020).
Wijma, R. A., Fransen, F., Muller, A. E. & Mouton, J. W. Optimizing dosing of nitrofurantoin from a PK/PD point of view: What do we need to know? Drug Resistance Updates 43 1–9 (2019).
Levison, M. E. & Levison, J. H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 23, 791–815 (2009).
Huurneman, L. J. et al. Pharmacodynamics of voriconazole in children: Further steps along the path to true individualized therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60, 2336–2342 (2016).
John, A. S., Boyd, J. C., Lowes, A. J. & Price, C. P. The use of urinary dipstick tests to exclude urinary tract infection. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 126, 428–436 (2006).
Noiphung, J. & Laiwattanapaisal, W. Multifunctional paper-based analytical device for in situ cultivation and screening of Escherichia coli infections. Sci. Rep. 9, 1555 (2019).
Monteiro, T. et al. A quasi-reagentless point-of-care test for nitrite and unaffected by oxygen and cyanide. Sci. Rep. 9, 2622 (2019).
Tseng, W. T. et al. Quantitative urinary tract infection diagnosis of leukocyte esterase with a microfluidic paper-based device. Dalton Trans. 50, 9417–9425 (2021).
Ding, X., Liu, X. & Lillehoj, P. B. Electrochemical detection in stacked paper networks. J. Lab Autom. 20, 506–510 (2015).
Hoyo, J., Bassegoda, A. & Tzanov, T. Electrochemical quantification of biomarker myeloperoxidase. Z. fur Naturforsch. Sect. C. J. Biosci. 77, 297–302 (2022).
Ciragil, P., Kurutas, E. B. & Miraloglu, M. New markers: Urine xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase in the early detection of urinary tract infection. Dis. Markers 2014, 269362 (2014).
Schmiemann, G., Kniehl, E., Gebhardt, K., Matejczyk, M. M. & Hummers-Pradier, E. Diagnose des harnwegsinfekts: Eine systematische übersicht. Dtsch Arztebl 107, 361–367 (2010).
Smith, S. D., Wheeler, M. A., Lorber, M. I. & Weiss, R. M. Temporal changes of cytokines and nitric oxide products in urine from renal transplant patients. Kidney Int. 58, 829–837 (2000).
Chao, M. R. et al. Urinary nitrite/nitrate ratio measured by isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS as a tool to screen for urinary tract infections. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 93, 77–83 (2016).
Tiso, M. & Schechter, A. N. Nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitric oxide and ammonia by gut bacteria under physiological conditions. PLoS One 10, e0119712 (2015).
Feng, S., Roseng, L. E. & Dong, T. Quantitative detection of Escherichia coli and measurement of urinary tract infection diagnosis possibility by use of a portable, handheld sensor. In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications, MeMeA 2015 – Proceedings 586–589 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/MeMeA.2015.7145271.
Masajtis-Zagajewska, A. & Nowicki, M. New markers of urinary tract infection. Clin. Chim. Acta 471 286–291 (2017).
Middelkoop, S. J. M., van Pelt, L. J., Kampinga, G. A., ter Maaten, J. C. & Stegeman, C. A. Routine tests and automated urinalysis in patients with suspected urinary tract infection at the ED. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 34, 1528–1534 (2016).
Giler, S., Henig, E. F., Urca, I., Sperling, O. & de Vries, A. Urine xanthine oxidase activity in urinary tract infection. J. Clin. Pathol. 31, 444–446 (1978).
Bekhit, M. & Gorski, W. Electrochemical Assays and Immunoassays of the Myeloperoxidase/SCN – /H 2 O 2 System. Anal. Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05855 (2019).
