Qiao, J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? Lancet 395 (10226), 760–762 (2020).
Alfaraj, S. H., Al-Tawfiq, J. A. & Memish, Z. A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 52 (3), 501–503 (2019).
Allotey, J. et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: Living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 370, m3320 (2020).
Bobei, T. I. et al. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on premature Birth—Our experience as COVID center. Medicina 58 (5), 587 (2022).
Oltean, I. et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the clinical outcomes and placental pathology of pregnant women and their infants: A systematic review. Heliyon 7 (3), e06393 (2021).
Bearak, J. et al. Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. Lancet Glob Health. 8 (9), e1152–e1161 (2020).
Moradinazar, M. et al. Lifetime prevalence of abortion and risk factors in women: Evidence from a cohort study. J. Pregnancy. 2020, 4871494 (2020).
Sundermann, A. C. et al. Alcohol use in pregnancy and miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 43 (8), 1606–1616 (2019).
Pineles, B. L., Park, E. & Samet, J. M. Systematic review and metaanalysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy. Am. J. Epidemiol. 179 (7), 807–823 (2014).
Kazemi, S. N. et al. COVID-19 and cause of pregnancy loss during the pandemic: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 16 (8), 0255994 (2021).
van Baar, J. A. C. et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk and prevalence of pregnancy loss. Hum. Reprod. Update. 30 (2), 133–152 (2024).
Viana, J. et al. Controlling the pandemic during the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rollout. Nat. Commun. 12 (1), 1–5 (2021).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccines: Interim clinical considerations for use of COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized in the United States. (2021). (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinicalconsiderations.html)
American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Vaccinating pregnant and lactating patients against COVID-19: Practice advisory. December (2020). https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/vaccinating-pregnant-and-lactating-patients-against-covid-19).
American Academy of Pediatrics. Interim guidance for COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents. (2021). https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/interim-guidance-for-covid-19-vaccination-in-children-and-adolescents/).
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Medical experts continue to assert that COVID vaccines do not impact fertility. (2021). https://www.asrm.org/news-and-publications/news-and-research/pressreleases-and-bulletins/asrm-smfm-acog-issue-joint-statementmedical-experts-continue-to-assert-that-covid-vaccines-do-notimpact-fertility/
Troiano, G. & Nardi, A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public. Health. 194, 245–251 (2021).
Dror, A. A. et al. Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 35 (8), 775–779 (2020).
Shimabukuro, T. T. et al. Preliminary findings of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. New. Engl. J. Med. 384 (24), 2273–2282 (2021).
Citu, I. M. et al. The risk of spontaneous abortion does not increase following first trimester mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. J. Clin. Med. 11(6), 1698 (2022).
Kharbanda, E. O. et al. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA 326 (16), 1629–1631 (2021).
Favre, G. et al. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in pregnancy: Results of the Swiss COVI-PREG registry, an observational prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 18, 100410 (2022).
World Health Organization. Protocol template to be used as template for observational study protocols: Sentinel surveillance of adverse events of special interest (AESIs) after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines 2021 [Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/342194/9789240029507-eng.pdf?sequence=1]
Aliyari, R. et al. Study protocol: Cohort event monitoring for safety signal detection after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines in Iran. BMC Public. Health. 22 (1), 1153 (2022).
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Guideline on the management of recurrent pregnancy loss. (2023). Available from: https://www.eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Recurrent-pregnancy-loss. Accessed: 26 Oct 2024.
Moradinazar, M. et al. Epidemiological features of spontaneous abortion in the North Africa and the middle East from 1990 to 2019: Results from the global burden of disease study 2019. J. Family Reprod. Health. 16 (3), 183–191 (2022).
World Population Review, Abortion Rates by Country. (2022). Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/abortion-rates-by-country, Accessed 11 Dec 2022.
Erfani, A. Levels, trends and correlates of abortion in Tehran, Iran: 2009–2014. Int. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health. 42 (2), 93–101 (2016).
Motaghi, Z. et al. Induced abortion rate in Iran: A meta-analysis. Arch. Iran. Med. 16 (10), 594–598 (2013).
Erfani, A. Induced abortion in Tehran, Iran: Estimated rates and correlates. Int. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health. 37 (3), 134–142 (2011).
Zamanian, M. et al. Estimating the visibility rate of abortion: a case study of kerman, Iran. BMJ Open. 6, e012761 (2016).
Zamanian, M., Zolala, F., Haghdoost, A. A. & Baneshi, M. R. Estimating the annual abortion rate in kerman, Iran: comparison of direct, network Scale-Up, and single sample count methods. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 13 (3), 209–214 (2019).
Sookaromdee, P. & Wiwanitkit, V. Magnitude of abortion after COVID-19 vaccination: how about rate? Erciyes Med. J. 44 (2), 244–245 (2022).
Trostle, M. E. et al. COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy: early experience from a single institution. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM. 3 (6), 100464 (2021).
Zauche, L. H. et al. Receipt of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines and risk of spontaneous abortion. New. Engl. J. Med. 385 (16), 1533–1535 (2021).
Magnus, M. C. et al. Covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy and first-trimester miscarriage. New. Engl. J. Med. 385 (21), 2008–2010 (2021).
Wang, J., Deng, Y. & Wang, W. COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 118 (7), 405–425 (2024).
Ding, C. et al. Associations of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy with adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public. Health. 11, 1044031 (2023).
Rahmati, M. et al. Effects of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Med. Virol. 33 (3), e2434 (2023).
Ciapponi, A. et al. Safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy: A living systematic review and Meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 47 (10), 991–1010 (2024).
Rimmer, M. P., Teh, J. J., Mackenzie, S. C. & Al Wattar, B. H. The risk of miscarriage following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. 38 (5), 840–852 (2023).
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology. The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics; (LWW, 2010).
Jeve, Y. B. & Davies, W. Evidence-based management of recurrent miscarriages. J. Hum. Reprod. Sci. 7 (3), 159–169 (2014).
Cohain, J. S., Buxbaum, R. E. & Mankuta, D. Spontaneous first trimester miscarriage rates per woman among Parous women with 1 or more pregnancies of 24 weeks or more. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 17 (1), 437 (2017).
Kashanian, M., Akbarian, A. R., Baradaran, H. & Shabandoust, S. H. Pregnancy outcome following a previous spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 61 (3), 167–170 (2006).
Azargoon, A., Heidary, S. & Alavi Toussy, J. Comparaing the causes of abortion in patients with two or more than two consecutive miscarriages. Tehran Univ. Med. J. 69 (4), 245–252 (2011).
Villar, J. et al. Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: The INTERCOVID multinational cohort study. JAMA Pediatr. 175 (8), 817–826 (2021).
Riemma, G. et al. Obstetric and gynecological admissions and hospitalizations in an Italian Tertiary-Care hospital during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective analysis according to restrictive measures. J. Clin. Med. 12 (22), 7097 (2023).
Pikoulis, E. et al. The effect of the COVID pandemic lockdown measures on surgical emergencies: Experience and lessons learned from a Greek tertiary hospital. World J. Emerg. Surg. 16 (1), 22 (2021).
Changizi, N. et al. Vaccination effects on reducing COVID-19 complications in pregnancy: A large-scale report from Iran. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 163 (3), 1012–1017 (2023).
Farhadi, R., Noori, H., GhaffariSaravi, V. & Moosazadeh, M. Stillbirth and preterm birth during lockdown periods in 5 waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Iran: A Region-Wide cohort study in Mazandaran Province. Health Serv. Res. Manag. Epidemiol. 18, 10:23333928231180561 (2023).
