Stock Ticker

Detection of Mycobacteria in Arabian camels and antimycobacterial potential of Moringa oleifera

  • Burger, P. A., Ciani, E. & Faye, B. Old World camels in a modern world—A balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement. Anim. Genet. 50(6), 598–612 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ali, A., Baby, B. & Vijayan, R. From desert to medicine: A review of camel genomics and therapeutic products. Front. Genet. 10, 17 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gordon, S. V. & Parish, T. Microbe profile: Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Humanity’s deadly microbial foe. Microbiology 164(4), 437–439. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000601 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fu, L. M. & Fu-Liu, C. S. Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a closer relative to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial pathogens?. Tuberculosis 82(2–3), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1054/tube.2002.0328 (2002).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ryan, K. J., & Ray, C. G. Mycobacteria. In Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases (4th edn.) 439 (McGraw-Hill, 2004) (ISBN 978-0-83-858529-0).

  • Cudahy, P. & Shenoi, S. V. Diagnostics for pulmonary tuberculosis. Postgrad. Med. J. 92(1086), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133278 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bernitz, N. et al. Review of diagnostic tests for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in South African Wildlife. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 588697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.588697 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Uwaco, Y. et al. Diagnostic utility of a mycobacterium multiplex PCR detection panel for tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Microbiol. Spectr. 11(3), e0516222. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.05162-22 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • de la Rua-Domenech, R. Human Mycobacterium bovis infection in the United Kingdom: Incidence, risks, control measures and review of the zoonotic aspects of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 86, 77–109 (2006).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Michel, A. L., Müller, B. & van Helden, P. D. Mycobacterium bovis at the animal–human interface: A problem, or not?. Vet. Microbiol. 140, 371–381 (2010).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kanipe, C. & Palmer, M. V. Mycobacterium bovis and you: A comprehensive look at the bacteria, its similarities to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its relationship with human disease. Tuberculosis 125, 102006 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Olea-Popelka, F. et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis in human beings caused by Mycobacterium bovis—A call for action. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17(1), e21–e25 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Taye, H. et al. Global prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections among human tuberculosis cases: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 68(7), 704–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12868 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bespiatykh D, Bespyatykh J, Mokrousov I, Shitikov E. A Comprehensive Map of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Regions of Difference. mSphere. 6(4):e0053521. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00535-21 (2021).

  • Silva-Pereira, T. T., Soler-Camargo, N. C. & Guimarães, A. M. S. Diversification of gene content in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is determined by phylogenetic and ecological signatures. Microbiol. Spectr. 12(2), e02289-e2323 (2024).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elnaker, Y. F. et al. Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Delta region. Egypt. Vet World 12(8), 1180–1187 (2019).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Office international de epizootic: Manual for diagnosis of Bovine tuberculosis. https://www.oie.int/en/links/ (2019).

  • Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441–448 (1975).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kulski, J. K. Next-generation sequencing—An overview of the history, tools, and “Omic” applications. In Next Generation Sequencing—Advances, Applications and Challenges 3–60 (Intech, 2016).

  • Kchouk, M., Gibrat, J. & Elloumi, M. Generations of sequencing technologies: From frst to next generation. Biol. Med. 9, 1–8 (2017).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Loman, N. J. et al. High-throughput bacterial genome sequencing: An embarrassment of choice, a world of opportunity. Sci. Appl. Microb. Genom. 14, 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1371/image.pcbi.v01.i07 (2013).

    Article 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Quail, M. A. et al. A tale of three next generation sequencing platforms: Comparison of Ion Torrent, Pacifc Biosciences and Illumina MiSeq sequencers. BMC Genomics 13, 1–13 (2012).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carpi, G. et al. Metagenomic profle of the bacterial communities associated with Ixodes ricinus Ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e25604 (2011).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walter, K. S., Carpi, G., Evans, B. R. & Caccone, A. Vectors as epidemiological sentinels: Patterns of Within-Tick Borrelia burgdorferi Diversity. PLoS Pathog. 12, 1–18 (2016).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Perveen, N., Muzaffar, S. B., Vijayan, R. & Al-Deeb, M. A. Microbial communities associated with the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii: 16S rRNA gene-based analysis. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 17035 (2020).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goodman, L. & Lahmers, K. Special issue on applied next-generation sequencing in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 33(2), 177–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638721995676 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Van Borm, S. et al. Next-generation sequencing in veterinary medicine: How can the massive amount of information arising from high-throughput technologies improve diagnosis, control, and management of infectious diseases?. Methods Mol. Biol. 1247, 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_30 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Domrazek, K. & Jurka, P. Application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques for selected companion animals. Animals 14(11), 1578 (2024).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, K. et al. Gut microbial succession patterns and metabolic profiling during pregnancy and lactation in a goat model. Microbiol. Spectr. 11(1), e02955-e3022 (2023).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rabee, A. E. et al. Rumen fermentation and microbiota in Shami goats fed on condensed tannins or herbal mixture. BMC Vet. Res. 20(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-03887-2 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol. 2 (World Health Organization, 1999).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Pinzi, L. & Rastelli, G. Molecular docking: Shifting paradigms in drug discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(18), 4331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184331 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sattar, A., Zakaria, Z., Abu, J., Aziz, S. A. & Gabriel, R.-P. Evaluation of six decontamination procedures for isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from avian feces. PLoS ONE 13(8), e0202034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202034 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Quinn, P. J. et al. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease 2nd edn. (Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 2011).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Elseweidy, M. M. et al. Potential therapeutic roles of 10-dehydrogingerdione and/or pentoxifylline against calcium deposition in aortic tissues of high dietary cholesterol-fed rabbits. Mol. Cell Biochem. 453(1–2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-018-3438-1 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tevere, V. J. et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by PCR amplification with Pan-Mycobacterium primers and hybridization to an M. tuberculosis-specific probe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34(4), 918–923 (1996).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, H. et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting the mpb70 gene for rapid differential detection of Mycobacterium bovis. Arch. Microbiol. 198(9), 905–911 (2016).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Quan, Z. et al. Development of one-tube multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting Mycobacterium bovis. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 78(12), 1873–1876 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipmanl, D. J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403–410 (1990).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38(7), 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tamura, K. & Nei, M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10, 512–526 (1993).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Felsenstein, J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791 (1985).

    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Allam, S. A., Elnomrosy, S. M. & Mohamed, S. M. Virulent-MDR-ESBL E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae report from North Sinai calves diarrhea and in vitro antimicrobial by Moringa oleifera. BMC Vet. Res. 20(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04088-7 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sankar, M. M., Gopinath, K., Singla, R. & Singh, S. In-vitro antimycobacterial drug susceptibility testing of non-tubercular mycobacteria by tetrazolium microplate assay. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 7(1), 1–9 (2008).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Mshana, R. N., Tadesse, G., Aabate, G. & Miörner, H. Use of 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-Diphenyl TetrazoliumBromide for rapid detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(5), 1214–1219 (1998).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, J.-S. et al. Crystal structure and functional implications of LprF from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Biol. Crystallogr. 70(10), 2619–2630 (2014).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Saleh, A. M. et al. Design, synthesis, in silico studies, and biological evaluation of novel pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives as potential anti-proliferative agents, VEGFR-2 inhibitors and apoptotic inducers. RSC Adv. 13(32), 22122–22147 (2023).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Swaminathan, N., Perloff, S. R. & Zuckerman, J. M. Prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in health care settings. Infect. Dis. Clin. 35(4), 1013–1025 (2021).


    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report (World Health Organization, 2023).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Miggiano, R., Rizzi, M. & Ferraris, D. M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis, infection prevention and treatment. Pathogens 9(5), 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050385 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Biek, R. et al. Whole genome sequencing reveals local transmission patterns of Mycobacterium bovis in sympatric cattle and badger populations. PLoS Pathog. 8(11), e1003008 (2012).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kock, R. et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis—The changing landscape. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 113, S68–S72 (2021).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Taye, H. et al. Global prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections among human tuberculosis cases: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 68(7), 704–718 (2021).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Borham, M. et al. Review on bovine tuberculosis: An emerging disease associated with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium Species. Pathogens 11(7), 715 (2022).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wallace, E. et al. Culturing mycobacteria. Methods Mol. Biol. 2314, 1–58 (2021).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pfyffer, G. E. & Wittwer, F. Incubation time of mycobacterial cultures: How long is long enough to issue a final negative report to the clinician?. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50(12), 4188–4189 (2012).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Riley, L. W. & Blanton, R. E. Advances in molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases: Definitions, approaches, and scope of the field. Microbiol. Spectr. 6(6), 10 (2018).

    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chisompola, N. K., Streicher, E. M., Muchemwa, C. M. K., Warren, R. M. & Sampson, S. L. Molecular epidemiology of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Africa: A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis. 20(1), 344 (2020).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bakuła, Z. et al. Molecular snapshot of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the Plateau State, Nigeria. PLoS ONE 17(5), e0266837 (2022).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bhembe, N. L. et al. Clonality and genetic profiles of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Microbiologyopen 8(3), e00449 (2019).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rahman, S. M. M. et al. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Bangladesh. Microbiol. Spectr. 10(1), e0184821 (2022).

    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vincent, A. T. et al. The mycobacterial cell envelope: A relict from the past or the result of recent evolution?. Front. Microbiol. 9, 2341 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaale, S. E., Machangu, R. S. & Lyimo, T. J. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic diversity of actinomycetota species isolated from Lake Natron sediments at Arusha, Tanzania. Microbiol. Res. 278, 127543 (2024).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Batt, S. M. et al. The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host’s immune system. Biochem. J. 477(10), 1983–2006 (2020).

    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rito, T., Inlamea, O., Oliveira, O., Duarte, R., Soares, et al. Evolution and molecular characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. In Tuberculosis: Integrated Studies for a Complex Disease 847–865 (Springer, 2023).

  • O’Reilly, L. M. & Daborn, C. J. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: A review. Tuber Lung Dis 76, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(95)90591-X (1995).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Inlamea, O. F. et al. Evolutionary analysis of Mycobacterium bovis genotypes across Africa suggests co-evolution with livestock and humans. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008081 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Loiseau, C. et al. An African origin for Mycobacterium bovis. Evol. Med. Public Health 2020, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa005 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S. & Hashim, H. O. Mastering DNA chromatogram analysis in Sanger sequencing for reliable clinical analysis. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 21(1), 115 (2023).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kuczynski, J. et al. Experimental and analytical tools for studying the human microbiome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3129 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Qin, D. Next-generation sequencing and its clinical application. Cancer Biol. Med. 16(1), 4–10 (2019).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Palmer, M. V., Wiarda, J., Kanipe, C. & Thacker, T. C. Early pulmonary lesions in cattle infected via aerosolized Mycobacterium bovis. Vet. Pathol. 56(4), 544–554 (2019).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mousa, H. L. Tuberculosis of bones and joints: Diagnostic approaches. Int. Orthop. 22, 245–246 (1998).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sankar, M. M., Gopinath, K., Singla, R. & Singh, S. In-vitro antimycobacterial drug susceptibility testing of non-tubercular mycobacteria by tetrazolium microplate assay. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 7, 1–9 (2008).


    Google Scholar
     

  • van den Berg, J. & Kuipers, S. The antibacterial action of Moringa oleifera: A systematic review. South Afr. J. Botany 151, 224–233 (2022).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fouad, E. A., Abu Elnaga, A. S. M. & Kandil, M. M. Antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic bacteria isolated from a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) abscess. Vet. World 12(6), 802–808 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Egharevba, H. O., Oladosu, P., Izebe, K. S. & Kunle, O. F. Chemical composition and anti-tubercular activity of the fixed oil of Moringa oleifera seed. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 7, 412 (2015).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • El-Din, N. M. N. Ecophysiological studies on the draught resistance of Moringa oleifera (lam). Egypt. J. Desert Res. 54(1), 141–155 (2004).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rahim, M. A. et al. Essential components from plant source oils: A review on extraction, detection, identification, and quantification. Molecules 28(19), 6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196881 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Abdelghany, A. M. et al. Profiling of seed fatty acid composition in 1025 Chinese soybean accessions from diverse ecoregions. Crop J. 8(4), 635–644 (2020).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Orhan, İ, Özçelik, B. & Şener, B. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant potentials of some edible oils and their fatty acid profiles. Turk. J. Biol. 35, 251–258 (2011).

    CAS 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Egharevba, H. O., Oladosu, P., Izebe, K. S. & Kunle, O. F. Chemical composition and anti-tubercular activity of the fixed oil of Moringa oleifera seed. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 7(12), 412–418 (2015).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shaltout, F. A. Abattoir and bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne diseas. Clin. Med. Rev. Rep. 6(1), 1–7 (2024).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kuria J. K. Diseases caused by bacteria in cattle: Tuberculosis. In Bacterial Cattle Diseases (IntechOpen, 2019).

  • Popa, O., Băbeanu, N. E., Popa, I., Niță, S. & Dinu-Pârvu, C. E. Methods for obtaining and determination of squalene from natural sources. BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/367202 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thorbjarnarson, T. & Drummond, J. C. Occurrence of an unsaturated hydrocarbon in olive oil. Analyst 60(706), 23–29 (1935).

    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Frega, N., Bocci, F. & Lercker, G. Direct gas chromatographic analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction of different oils with a polar capillary column. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69, 447–450 (1992).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Noro, J. C. et al. Tetrahdroxysqualene from Rhus taitensis shows antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Natl. Prod. 71(9), 1623–1624 (2008).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reddy, L. H. & Couvreur, P. Squalene: A natural triterpene for use in disease management and therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61(15), 1412–1426 (2009).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhi, Y. et al. Lead compounds and key residues of ribosomal protein S1 in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg. Chem. 82, 58–67 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dai, Y. et al. Discovery and evaluation of new compounds targeting ribosomal protein S1 in antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 196, 112317 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hamdy, N. M. Exploring the anti-inflammatory potential of the polyphenolic compounds in Moringa oleifera leaf: In silico molecular docking. Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 11(1), 367–385 (2024).

    MathSciNet 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hamdy, N. M. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf extract in treating pneumonia. Egypt. J. Desert Res. 73(2), 423–442 (2023).

    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Havlicek, J., Murray, A. K., Saxton, T. K. & Roberts, S. C. Current issues in the study of androstenes in human chemosignaling. Vitam. Horm. 83, 47–81 (2010).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Badawy, M. T., Sobeh, M., Xiao, J. & Farag, M. A. Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A comprehensive review of its consumption, metabolism, health effects, and toxicity with sex differences. Molecules 26(20), 6210 (2021).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    MATH 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Source link

    Get RawNews Daily

    Stay informed with our RawNews daily newsletter email

    Market Update: Gold reverses gains amid central-bank selling chatter

    Trump cuts federal workforce by 12% through government efficiency push

    Zendaya All Smiles in New Pic Amid Claim She’s Married to Tom Holland

    Energy and tech sectors drive mixed market movements