Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD. Early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:21–47. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00031-13.
Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ, Faix RG, Poindexter BB, Van Meurs KP, et al. Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of Group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics. 2011;127:817–26. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2217.
WHO. Global Report on the Epidemiology and Burden of Sepsis: Current Evidence, Identifying Gaps and Future Directions. 1st ed. World Health Organization; 2020.
Escobar GJ, Puopolo KM, Wi S, Turk BJ, Kuzniewicz MW, Walsh EM, et al. Stratification of risk of early-onset sepsis in newborns ≥34 weeks’ gestation. Pediatrics. 2014;133:30–6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1689.
Kuzniewicz MW, Puopolo KM, Fischer A, Walsh EM, Li S, Newman TB, et al. A quantitative, risk-based approach to the management of neonatal early-onset sepsis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:365. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4678.
Akangire G, Simpson E, Weiner J, Noel-MacDonnell J, Petrikin J, Sheehan M. Implementation of the neonatal sepsis calculator in early-onset sepsis and maternal chorioamnionitis. Adv Neonatal Care. 2020;20:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANC.0000000000000668.
Shekhar S, Petersen FC. The dark side of antibiotics: adverse effects on the infant immune defense against infection. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:544460. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.544460.
Weston EJ, Pondo T, Lewis MM, Martell-Cleary P, Morin C, Jewell B, et al. The burden of invasive early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States, 2005–2008. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:937–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e318223bad2.
Stokholm J, Schjørring S, Pedersen L, Bischoff AL, Følsgaard N, Carson CG, et al. Prevalence and predictors of antibiotic administration during pregnancy and birth. PLoS One. 2013;8:e82932. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082932
Antimicrobial Resistance Threats in the United States, 2021-2022. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2024.
Cotten CM, Taylor S, Stoll B, Goldberg RN, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ, et al. Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3423.
Cotten CM, McDonald S, Stoll B, Goldberg RN, Poole K, Benjamin DK, et al. The association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006;118:717–22. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2677.
Rolnitsky A, Unger S, Urbach D, Bell CM. The price of neonatal intensive care outcomes – in-hospital costs of morbidities related to preterm birth. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1068367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1068367.
Pichichero ME, Todd JK. Detection of neonatal bacteremia. J Pediatr. 1979;94:958–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80233-4.
Greenhow TL, Hung YY, Herz AM. Changing epidemiology of bacteremia in infants aged 1 week to 3 months. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e590–6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1546.
Gan MY, Lee WL, Yap BJ, Seethor STT, Greenberg RG, Pek JH, et al. Contemporary trends in global mortality of sepsis among young infants less than 90 days: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:890767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.890767.
Joshi NS, Huynh K, Lu T, Lee HC, Frymoyer A. Epidemiology and trends in neonatal early onset sepsis in California, 2010–2017. J Perinatol. 2022;42:940–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-022-01393-7.
Pantell RH, Roberts KB, Adams WG, Dreyer BP, Kuppermann N, O’Leary ST, et al. Clinical practice guideline: evaluation and management of well-appearing febrile infants 8 to 60 days old. Pediatrics. 2021;148:e2021052228. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052228.
Garcia-Prats JA, Cooper TR, Schneider VF, Stager CE, Hansen TN. Rapid detection of microorganisms in blood cultures of newborn infants utilizing an automated blood culture system. Pediatrics. 2000;105:523–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.3.523.
Benitz WE, Wynn JL, Polin RA. Reappraisal of guidelines for management of neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis. J Pediatr. 2015;166:1070–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.023.
Alpern ER, Kuppermann N, Blumberg S, Roosevelt G, Cruz AT, Nigrovic LE, et al. Time to positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures in febrile infants ≤60 days of age. Hosp Pediatr. 2020;10:719–27. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2020-0045.
Biondi EA, Mischler M, Jerardi KE, Statile AM, French J, Evans R, et al. Blood culture time to positivity in febrile infants with bacteremia. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:844. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.895.
Marks L, De Waal K, Ferguson JK. Time to positive blood culture in early onset neonatal sepsis: a retrospective clinical study and review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020;56:1371–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14934.
Özmeral Odabaşı I. Neonatal Sepsis. Med Bull Sisli Hosp. Published online 2020. https://doi.org/10.14744/SEMB.2020.00236.
El-Chaar GM, Supaswud-Franks T, Venugopalan L, Kohn N, Castro-Alcaraz S. Extended-interval gentamicin administration in neonates: a simplified approach. J Perinatol. 2016;36:660–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.37.
Van Maarseveen EM, Sprij A, Touw DJ. Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin aiming for a drug-free period in neonates: a prospective cohort study. Ther Drug Monit. 2016;38:402–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000283.
Control Charts in Seconds Using QI Macros. Published online December 2025. https://www.qimacros.com/control-chart/healthcare-rules/.
Ekwall-Larson A, Yu D, Dinnétz P, Nordqvist H, Özenci V. Single-site sampling versus multisite sampling for blood cultures: a retrospective clinical study. J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60(2):e01935–21. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01935-21.