Ismael, A., Abdella, A., Shimelis, S., Tesfaye, A. & Muktar, Y. Assessment of biosecurity status in commercial chicken farms found in Bishoftu town, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Veterinary Med. Int. (2021). (2021).
Aiyedun, J., Oludairo, O., Olorunsola, I., Daodu, O. & Furo, N. Effectiveness of biosecurity measures in some selected farms in Kwara state, Nigeria. J. Res. Forestry Wildl. Environ. 10, 17–23 (2018).
Melesse, A. Significance of scavenging chicken production in the rural community of Africa for enhanced food security. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 70, 593–606 (2014).
Sambo, E. et al. Participatory evaluation of chicken health and production constraints in Ethiopia. Prev. Vet. Med. 118, 117–127 (2015).
Singla, L. & Gupta, S. Advances in diagnosis of coccidiosis in poultry. Veterinary Diagnostics: Current Trends, Gupta RP, Garg SR, Nehra V and Lather D (Eds), Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 615–628 (2012).
Beeckman, D. S. A. & Vanrompay, D. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15, 11–17 (2009).
De Keutchatang, P. T., Ntsama, F., Nama, I. S. B., Kansci, G. & G. M. & Biosecurity practices and characteristics of poultry farms in three regions of Cameroon. J. World’s Poult. Res. 11, 64–72 (2021).
Islam, A. et al. Epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza virus in Bangladesh. Emerg. Microbes Infections. 14, 2498574 (2025).
Pinotti, F. et al. Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market. Nat. Commun. 15, 3494 (2024).
Negovetich, N. J. et al. Live bird markets of bangladesh: H9N2 viruses and the near absence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. PloS One. 6, e19311 (2011).
Sayeed, M. A. et al. Assessment of hygienic conditions of live bird markets on avian influenza in Chittagong metro, Bangladesh. Prev. Vet. Med. 142, 7–15 (2017).
Indrawan, D. & Daryanto, A. in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 012040 (IOP Publishing).
Van Limbergen, T. et al. Scoring biosecurity in European conventional broiler production. Poult. Sci. 97, 74–83 (2018).
Newell, D. et al. Biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce Campylobacter spp. On poultry farms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 8605–8614 (2011).
Loth, L. et al. Identifying risk factors of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 subtype) in Indonesia. Prev. Vet. Med. 102, 50–58 (2011).
Wijesinghe, W., De Silva, P. & Gunaratne, S. Evaluation of biosecurity status in commercial broiler farms in Sri Lanka. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publications. 7, 114–119 (2017).
Can, M. F. & Altuğ, N. Socioeconomic implications of biosecurity practices in small-scale dairy farms. Veterinary Q. 34, 67–73 (2014).
Eltholth, M. M., Mohamed, R. A. & Elgohary, F. A. & Abo Elfadl, E. A. Assessment of biosecurity practices in broiler chicken farms in gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Alexandria J. Veterinary Sciences 49 (2016).
Hamid, M. Livestock production systems and their distribution pattern in bangladesh: A review. Central J. Bangladesh Open. Univ. IV (2017).
Dolberg, F. Poultry sector country review, Bangladesh. (2008).
DLS. The report of Government of Bangladesh, (2011).
Kajol, H. & Shahadat, M. Scenario of the broiler farm biosecurity at Satkaniaupazila in Chattogram, Bangladesh. (A production report submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements ….
Rimi, N. et al. Biosecurity conditions in small commercial chicken farms, Bangladesh 2011–2012. EcoHealth 14, 244–258 (2017).
Ibrahim, N., Akhter, M., Mamun, A., Chowdhury, S., Das, P. M. & E. H. & Bio-security in small scale poultry farms against avian influenza: Knowledge, attitude and practices. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 1, 670–676 (2016).
Imam, T. et al. Association between farm biosecurity practices and antimicrobial usage on commercial chicken farms in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Prev. Vet. Med. 196, 105500 (2021).
Maduka, C., Igbokwe, I. & Atsanda, N. Appraisal of chicken production with associated biosecurity practices in commercial poultry farms located in Jos, Nigeria. Scientifica (2016). (2016).
Negro-Calduch, E., Elfadaly, S., Tibbo, M., Ankers, P. & Bailey, E. Assessment of biosecurity practices of small-scale broiler producers in central Egypt. Prev. Vet. Med. 110, 253–262 (2013).
Islam, A. et al. Potential risk zones and Climatic factors influencing the occurrence and persistence of avian influenza viruses in the environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh. One Health. 17, 100644 (2023).
Tiensin, T. et al. Ecologic risk factor investigation of clusters of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 199, 1735–1743 (2009).
SVRS. Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics Available on: https:// (2021). bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-05-07-03-51-e0a42e4bf08a1e8d2167f3df3f586284.pdf. (Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS) in Digital Platform Project, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2023).
Russell, L. Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R Package Version 1 (2018).
Islam, Z. et al. Assessment of biosecurity measures in commercial poultry farms of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. Prev. Vet. Med. 219, 106027 (2023).
Ibrahim, N. et al. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage and biosecurity on broiler and sonali farms in Bangladesh. Prev. Vet. Med. 217, 105968 (2023).
Imam, T. et al. A cross-sectional study of antimicrobial usage on commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in Bangladesh. Front. Veterinary Sci. 7, 576113 (2020).
Ali, M. Z., Hasan, M. & Giasuddin, M. Potential risk factors of avian influenza virus infection in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks in selected areas of Bangladesh during 2019. J. Adv. Veterinary Anim. Res. 8, 51 (2021).
Islam, A. et al. Association of biosecurity and hygiene practices with avian influenza A/H5 and A/H9 virus infections in Turkey farms. Front. Veterinary Sci. 11, 1319618 (2024).
KA, A. & Benson, O. Poultry wastes management strategies and environmental implications on human health in Ogun state of Nigeria. Adv. Econ. Bus. 2, 164–171 (2014).
Ahmed, S. S. et al. Ecological determinants of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 7, e33938 (2012).
Gilbert, M. & Pfeiffer, D. U. Risk factor modelling of the spatio-temporal patterns of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) H5N1: a review. Spat. spatio-temporal Epidemiol. 3, 173–183 (2012).
Mustafa, E., Poultry & Biosecurity A book. Published Sudan. Curr. Print. Press. PO Box 10397 (2013).
Islam, A., Rahman, M. Z., Hassan, M. M., Epstein, J. H. & Klaassen, M. Farm biosecurity practices affecting avian influenza virus circulation in commercial chicken farms in Bangladesh. One Health. 18, 100681 (2024).
Osmani, M. et al. Risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza in commercial layer chicken farms in Bangladesh during 2011. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 61, e44–e51 (2014).
Zhao, Y. et al. Airborne transmission May have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the united States. Sci. Rep. 9, 11755 (2019).
Hassan, M. M. M. Who Is the Culprit: Ecology and Epidemiology of Avian Influenza at the wildlife-poultry Interface in Bangladesh (Deakin University, 2017).
Morin, C. W. et al. Avian influenza virus ecology and evolution through a Climatic lens. Environ. Int. 119, 241–249 (2018).
Gelaude, P., Schlepers, M., Verlinden, M., Laanen, M. & Dewulf, J. Biocheck. UGent: a quantitative tool to measure biosecurity at broiler farms and the relationship with technical performances and antimicrobial use. Poult. Sci. 93, 2740–2751 (2014).
Amass, S. F. & Baysinger, A. Swine disease transmission and prevention. Dis. Swine. 9, 1075–1098 (2006).
Chandra Bhowmik, J. Assessment of biosecurity status of selected broiler and layer farms in Noakhali. (Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh, (2017).
Nigar, J. & Nushrat, M. A study on relationship between strength of biosecurity and disease occurrence in commercial layer farm in Rangpur. (A production Report submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements ….
Gupta, S. D., Hoque, M. A., Fournié, G. & Henning, J. Patterns of avian influenza A (H5) and A (H9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in Bangladesh. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 68, 137–151 (2021).